HESI Entrance Exam Study guide :
Questions & Answers: Updated Solution
/. body planes - Answer-imaginary lines used for reference; they include the median
plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane.
/.Median Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
midsagittal plane.
/.Planes of the Body - Answer-...
/.Coronal Plane - Answer-divides the body into front and rear sections. Also called the
frontal plane.
/.Frontal plane - Answer-divides the body into front and rear sections. Also called the
coronal plane.
/.Horizontal Plane - Answer-divides the body into a superior (or upper) and an inferior
(or lower) section. Also called the transverse plane.
/.Median Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
midsagittal plane.
/.Midsagittal Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
median plane.
/.Transverse Plane - Answer-divides the body into a superior (or upper) and an inferior
(or lower) section. Also called the horizontal plane.
/.Direction and Location - Answer-...
/.Anterior - Answer-front side of the body, also known as ventral.
/.Caudal - Answer-in quadrapeds, the tail end [see inferior].
/.Cranial - Answer-above or near the head, also known as superior.
/.Distal - Answer-farthest end from the trunk or head.
/.Dorsal - Answer-back side of the body, also known as the posterior.
,/.Inferior - Answer-below also, toward the feet.
/.Infra- - Answer-prefix meaning below or under.
/.Lateral - Answer-away from the midline.
/.Medial - Answer-toward the midline.
/.Posterior - Answer-back side of the body, also known as the dorsal.
/.Proximal - Answer-closest part nearest the trunk or head.
/.Superior - Answer-above or near the head, also known as cranial.
/.Supra- - Answer-prefix meaning above or over.
/.Ventral - Answer-front side of the body, also known as anterior.
/.Parts of the Human Skull - Answer-...
/.Calvarium - Answer-includes the brain case.
/.Cranium - Answer-includes the face and the calvarium.
/.Mandible - Answer-the lower jaw.
/.Skull - Answer-includes both the cranium and mandible.
/.Bones of the Skull - Answer-...
/.Ethmoid bone - Answer-sieve-like spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor
of the cranium between the orbits. The ethmoid is the principal supporting structure of
the nasal cavity.
/.Frontal bone - Answer-forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and most of the
anterior part of the cranial floor.
/.Inferior Nasal Conchae - Answer-one of three scroll-like bones that project from the
lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The inferior nasal conchae articulate with the ethmoid,
maxilla, lacrimal and paltine bones and form the lower part of the lateral wall of the
nasal cavity.
/.Lacrimal bone - Answer-a thin scalelike bone, roughly resembling a fingernail in size
and shape, at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating with the frontal
and ethmoidal bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha. The lacrimal bone, the
,smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall
of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.
/.Mandible - Answer-the bone forming the lower jaw; the largest and strongest bone of
the face, presenting a body and a pair of rami, which articulate with the skull at the
tempromandibular joints.
/.Maxillae - Answer-paired bones uniting to form the upper jawbone. The maxillae
articulate with every bone of the face except the mandible, or lower jawbone. The
maxilla (plural: maxillae), also known as the mustache bone, is a fusion of two bones
along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible (lower
jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mental symphysis. Sometimes (e.g. in
bony fish), the maxilla is sometimes called "upper maxilla", with the mandible being the
"lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible".
/.Nasal bone - Answer-small oblong bones that meet at the middle and superior part of
the face. Their fusion forms the superior part of the bridge of the nose.
/.Occipital bone - Answer-a single trapezoid-shaped bone situated at the posterior and
inferior part of the cranium. The occipital bone forms the back part of the skull and the
base of the cranium. It joins with the parietal and temporal bones. In the center,
underside (inferior) portion of the cranium, there is a large opening called the foramen
magnum (fig. 3-5), through which nerve fibers from the brain pass and enter into the
spinal cord. Figure 3-4.—Temporal bone. 3-2
/.Palatine bone - Answer-a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull
that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which
joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a
vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the
orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts called also palate
bone palatine. One of two irregularly shaped bones (L-shaped) forming the posterior
part of the hard palate, the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the medial pterygoid
plate and the maxilla, and the posterior part of the floor of the orbit. The posterior part of
the hard palate, which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity, is formed by the
horizontal plates.
/.Vomer - Answer-a roughly triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior of the
nasal septum. The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in
the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right
palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones.
/.Parietal bones - Answer-one of the two quadrilateral bones on either side of the
cranium forming part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull, and joining each
other in the midline at the sagittal suture. The parietal bones form the greater portion of
the sides and roof of the cranial cavity.
, /.Sphenoid bone - Answer-The sphenoid bone (from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike")
is an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and
basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that
articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with
its wings extended. A single, irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull,
which forms a part of the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. This
bone is referred to as the keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the
other cranial bones.
/.Temporal bone - Answer-one of the two irregular bones on either side of the skull
forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of
hearing. The temporal bones form the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the
cranial floor. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and
lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.
The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.
/.Zygomatic bone - Answer-the triangular bones on either side of the face below the
eyes, commonly referred to as the cheekbones, they form the prominences of the
cheeks and part of the outer wall and floor of the orbits. It is situated at the upper and
lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall
and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It
presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital,
maxillary, and temporal; and four borders.
/.Bone Morphology - Answer-...
/.Crest - Answer-a narrow prominent ridge.
/.Condyle - Answer-a smooth rounded projection for articulation with another bone.
/.Epiphysis - Answer-the end of a long bone that is originally separated from the main
bone by a layer of cartilage but that later becomes united to the main bone through
ossification [compare to suture and symphysis]. The epiphysis is the rounded end of a
long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the
long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that
covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone (see
Wiktionary:subchondral).
The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood
cells).
/.Foramen - Answer-a true hole in the bone [e.g. foramen magnum, incisive foramen.
Questions & Answers: Updated Solution
/. body planes - Answer-imaginary lines used for reference; they include the median
plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane.
/.Median Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
midsagittal plane.
/.Planes of the Body - Answer-...
/.Coronal Plane - Answer-divides the body into front and rear sections. Also called the
frontal plane.
/.Frontal plane - Answer-divides the body into front and rear sections. Also called the
coronal plane.
/.Horizontal Plane - Answer-divides the body into a superior (or upper) and an inferior
(or lower) section. Also called the transverse plane.
/.Median Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
midsagittal plane.
/.Midsagittal Plane - Answer-divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the
median plane.
/.Transverse Plane - Answer-divides the body into a superior (or upper) and an inferior
(or lower) section. Also called the horizontal plane.
/.Direction and Location - Answer-...
/.Anterior - Answer-front side of the body, also known as ventral.
/.Caudal - Answer-in quadrapeds, the tail end [see inferior].
/.Cranial - Answer-above or near the head, also known as superior.
/.Distal - Answer-farthest end from the trunk or head.
/.Dorsal - Answer-back side of the body, also known as the posterior.
,/.Inferior - Answer-below also, toward the feet.
/.Infra- - Answer-prefix meaning below or under.
/.Lateral - Answer-away from the midline.
/.Medial - Answer-toward the midline.
/.Posterior - Answer-back side of the body, also known as the dorsal.
/.Proximal - Answer-closest part nearest the trunk or head.
/.Superior - Answer-above or near the head, also known as cranial.
/.Supra- - Answer-prefix meaning above or over.
/.Ventral - Answer-front side of the body, also known as anterior.
/.Parts of the Human Skull - Answer-...
/.Calvarium - Answer-includes the brain case.
/.Cranium - Answer-includes the face and the calvarium.
/.Mandible - Answer-the lower jaw.
/.Skull - Answer-includes both the cranium and mandible.
/.Bones of the Skull - Answer-...
/.Ethmoid bone - Answer-sieve-like spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor
of the cranium between the orbits. The ethmoid is the principal supporting structure of
the nasal cavity.
/.Frontal bone - Answer-forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and most of the
anterior part of the cranial floor.
/.Inferior Nasal Conchae - Answer-one of three scroll-like bones that project from the
lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The inferior nasal conchae articulate with the ethmoid,
maxilla, lacrimal and paltine bones and form the lower part of the lateral wall of the
nasal cavity.
/.Lacrimal bone - Answer-a thin scalelike bone, roughly resembling a fingernail in size
and shape, at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating with the frontal
and ethmoidal bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha. The lacrimal bone, the
,smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall
of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.
/.Mandible - Answer-the bone forming the lower jaw; the largest and strongest bone of
the face, presenting a body and a pair of rami, which articulate with the skull at the
tempromandibular joints.
/.Maxillae - Answer-paired bones uniting to form the upper jawbone. The maxillae
articulate with every bone of the face except the mandible, or lower jawbone. The
maxilla (plural: maxillae), also known as the mustache bone, is a fusion of two bones
along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible (lower
jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mental symphysis. Sometimes (e.g. in
bony fish), the maxilla is sometimes called "upper maxilla", with the mandible being the
"lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible".
/.Nasal bone - Answer-small oblong bones that meet at the middle and superior part of
the face. Their fusion forms the superior part of the bridge of the nose.
/.Occipital bone - Answer-a single trapezoid-shaped bone situated at the posterior and
inferior part of the cranium. The occipital bone forms the back part of the skull and the
base of the cranium. It joins with the parietal and temporal bones. In the center,
underside (inferior) portion of the cranium, there is a large opening called the foramen
magnum (fig. 3-5), through which nerve fibers from the brain pass and enter into the
spinal cord. Figure 3-4.—Temporal bone. 3-2
/.Palatine bone - Answer-a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull
that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which
joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a
vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the
orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts called also palate
bone palatine. One of two irregularly shaped bones (L-shaped) forming the posterior
part of the hard palate, the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the medial pterygoid
plate and the maxilla, and the posterior part of the floor of the orbit. The posterior part of
the hard palate, which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity, is formed by the
horizontal plates.
/.Vomer - Answer-a roughly triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior of the
nasal septum. The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in
the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right
palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones.
/.Parietal bones - Answer-one of the two quadrilateral bones on either side of the
cranium forming part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull, and joining each
other in the midline at the sagittal suture. The parietal bones form the greater portion of
the sides and roof of the cranial cavity.
, /.Sphenoid bone - Answer-The sphenoid bone (from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike")
is an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and
basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that
articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with
its wings extended. A single, irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull,
which forms a part of the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. This
bone is referred to as the keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the
other cranial bones.
/.Temporal bone - Answer-one of the two irregular bones on either side of the skull
forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of
hearing. The temporal bones form the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the
cranial floor. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and
lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.
The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.
/.Zygomatic bone - Answer-the triangular bones on either side of the face below the
eyes, commonly referred to as the cheekbones, they form the prominences of the
cheeks and part of the outer wall and floor of the orbits. It is situated at the upper and
lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall
and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It
presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital,
maxillary, and temporal; and four borders.
/.Bone Morphology - Answer-...
/.Crest - Answer-a narrow prominent ridge.
/.Condyle - Answer-a smooth rounded projection for articulation with another bone.
/.Epiphysis - Answer-the end of a long bone that is originally separated from the main
bone by a layer of cartilage but that later becomes united to the main bone through
ossification [compare to suture and symphysis]. The epiphysis is the rounded end of a
long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the
long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that
covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone (see
Wiktionary:subchondral).
The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood
cells).
/.Foramen - Answer-a true hole in the bone [e.g. foramen magnum, incisive foramen.
