KPEERI EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2021 QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

KPEERI EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2021 QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT ANSWERS “Sequences for how information is selected, sequenced, organized, and practiced. These occur within each component of reading where a logical progression of skills would be evident: easier skills are introduced before more difficult skills, so that skills build progressively. - CORRECT ANSWER Coordinated Instructional Sequences" Remember the sentence "I am on the PHONE, can you HEAR me in HERE?" Hear- listen Here- location" "Any word in which each letter represents its respective, most common sound (e.g., sat, fantastic). - CORRECT ANSWER Regular Words" "A bound morpheme, usually of Latin origin, that cannot stand alone but is used to form a family of words with related meanings. Example: -able, -s, non- - CORRECT ANSWER Root" "Refers to the support that is given to students in order for them to arrive at the correct answer. This support may occur as immediate, specific feedback that a teacher offers during student practice. For instance, the assistance the teacher offers may include giving encouragement or cues, breaking the problem down into smaller steps, using a graphic organizer, or providing an example. - CORRECT ANSWER Scaffolding (Keyword- support)" "Uses a grid to help explore how a set of things are related to one another. By analyzing the grid one can see connections, make predictions, and master important concepts. - CORRECT ANSWER Semantic Feature Analysis (Keyword- comparing with a grid)" "Portray the schematic relations that compose a concept; a strategy for graphically representing concepts. (Venn diagram, Timeline or a Word Web) - CORRECT ANSWER Semantic Map" "The way language conveys meaning. - CORRECT ANSWER Semantics (Keyword- meaning)" "This term refers to refers to the words we use in writing. - CORRECT ANSWER Writing Vocabulary" "Two vowels together that represent one phoneme, or sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa). - CORRECT ANSWER Vowel Diagraph, Vowel Pair or Vowel Team" "These are words from other languages that are the origin of many English words. About 60 percent of all English words have Latin or Greek origins. - CORRECT ANSWER Word Roots" "The act of deliberately investigating words (e.g., vocabulary-building exercises, word-identification practice, and spelling). - CORRECT ANSWER Word Study" "Word parts that are "fixed to" either the beginnings of words (prefixes) or the endings of words (suffixes). The word disrespectful has two of these, a prefix (dis-) and a suffix (-ful). - CORRECT ANSWER Affix" "This term refers to the words a person knows when seeing them in print. - CORRECT ANSWER Reading Vocabulary" "The understanding that spoken words are made up of sounds that can be represented by letters in print. - CORRECT ANSWER Alphabetic Principle" "These are words from which many other words are formed. For example, many words can be formed from migrate: migration, migrant, immigration, immigrant, migrating, migratory. - CORRECT ANSWER Base Word" "A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER Bloom's Taxonomy (Remember A. C.A.K.E.S) Application Comprehension Analysis Knowledge Evaluation Synthesis" "This is a consonant sequence before or after a vowel within a syllable, such as cl, br, or st; it is the written language equivalent of consonant cluster. - CORRECT ANSWER Blend (BL, a blend at the beginning of the word blend)" "A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g., /yes /ter/ day). - CORRECT ANSWER Chunking" "What is the Silent E Spelling Rule? - CORRECT ANSWER Which spelling Rule Drops the e before adding a vowel suffix? Ex. re +late+ ion = relation (not relateion)" "What is the CVC or (1-1-1) Doubling Rule? - CORRECT ANSWER Which Spelling Rule is "In 1 syllable words ending in consonant- vowel-consonant (cvc), double the final consonant before adding a vowel suffix Ex. Ship+er = Shipper" "A cluster of letters at the end of a word whose pronunciation remains consistent regardless of the word in which it appears (e.g., -tion, -ble, -ture); not synonymous with the term suffix - CORRECT ANSWER Final Stable Syllable" "What is the CVC (1-1-1) Extended doubling rule? - CORRECT ANSWER In multi-syllable words ending in consonant-vowel-consonant (cvc), double the final consonant before adding a vowel suffix if the last syllable in the baseword gets the accent. Ex. com + mit + ed= committed" "This is when an Instructor provides a set of potential answers and one question. Student must choose the correct answer from the given set. - CORRECT ANSWER Recognition" "What is the Y Spelling Rule? - CORRECT ANSWER Never drop the y. Keep it or change it. If a word ends in vowel-y, keep the y. If a word ends in consonant-y, change the y to i unless the suffix begins with i. -Vowel y, keep the y - pray+ed = prayed -consonant-y- hurry + ed = hurried -unless the suffix begins with i (which would create a double i)- Ex. fly+ing = flying" "This is when an Instructor provides one question. Student must provide the answer from memory. - CORRECT ANSWER Recall" "Which part of speech would these suffixes commonly go with? -er, -est, -ful, -ish, -ous, -able, -ible - CORRECT ANSWER Adjective (Adjectives usually ask: What kind? Which one? How Many?)" "Which part of speech would these suffixes commonly go with? -ly - CORRECT ANSWER Adverb (Adverbs usually ask How often? When? Where? How? How much?)" "Which part of speech would these suffixes commonly go with? -er, -hood, ness, -or, -ist, -ment, -ity - CORRECT ANSWER Noun (A Person, Place or Thing)" "The manner of articulation which Friction is caused through lips, air, tongue or teeth. Can often be described as a hissing sound. ex. /f/ /v/ - CORRECT ANSWER Fricative (Remember the /f/ in fricative is a fricative sound)" "Which Manner of articulation has a Sound passing through the nose."Try pinching your nose and saying the sound /m/." ex. /m/ /n/ - CORRECT ANSWER Nasal (Remember the /n/ in Nasal is a nasal sound)" "Which manner of Articulation is: Sound glides into another phoneme, making it hard not to add the schwa onto the end /yu/, /wu/ ? e.x. /y/ /w/ - CORRECT ANSWER Glides (Remember the sentence: You're /y/ gliding where /w/?)" "Which manner of articulation begins as a stop but releases as a fricative. ex. /ch/ /j/ - CORRECT ANSWER Affricates Remember the sentence: Africa (Affricates) is known for Giraffes/j/, CHimpanzees /ch/ and Jakals /j/." "Which manner of Articulation is: Tongue causes partial closure of the mouth. Push of air can cause liquid to move throughout the mouth? ex. /l/ /r/ - CORRECT ANSWER liquids (Remember the /l/ in liquid is a liquid sound.)" "This Text genre gives instructions on how to do something. - CORRECT ANSWER procedural" "This Text genre Encourages someone to do something. - CORRECT ANSWER Hortatory (from the word exhort= strongly encourage or urge)" "This text genre List the characteristics of something. - CORRECT ANSWER Descriptive Text" "___________________ ____________ is a broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes. ... __________________ ____________ refers to the specific ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words. - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological Awareness, Phonemic awareness" "This refers to the degree to which scores from a particular test are consistent from one use of the test to the next. - CORRECT ANSWER reliability (Keyword- Is it reliable? Do you get STABLE and CONSISTENT results?)" "This refers to the degree to which a test score can be interpreted and used for its intended purpose - CORRECT ANSWER validity (Keyword- how well it measures what it is meant to measure)" "These are Characteristics of what? Difficulty planning and coordinating body movements Difficulty coordinating muscles to produce sounds - CORRECT ANSWER Characteristics of Dyspraxia" "These are Characteristics of what? Inattention Attention varies Distractibility Impulsively Over-activity - CORRECT ANSWER ADHD/ADD" "These are Characteristics of what? Difficulty counting accurately May reverse numbers Difficulty memorizing math facts Difficulty copying math problems and organizing written work Many calculation errors Difficulty retaining math vocabulary and/or concepts - CORRECT ANSWER Dyscalculia" "These are characteristics of what? Unsure of right or left handedness Poor or slow handwriting Messy and unorganized papers Difficulty copying Poor fine motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER Dysgraphia" "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: lump; child's spelling: lup. - CORRECT ANSWER This is a phonologically based error; the child has omitted the sound /m/" "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: best; child's spelling: bets. - CORRECT ANSWER This is a phonologically based error; the child has incorrectly sequenced the sounds in the word." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: shirt; child's spelling: shert. - CORRECT ANSWER This is an orthographic pattern error. The child has produced a phonologically acceptable spelling of the word, but not the correct spelling. There is no "rule" for using ir rather than er in shirt; the child just has to have enough familiarity with the printed word to know that shirt is spelled with an ir not an er." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: stuff; child's spelling: stuf. - CORRECT ANSWER This error reflects lack of knowledge of a spelling generalization, the "floss" rule, that the f at the end of this word needs to be doubled." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: sliding; child's spelling: slideing. - CORRECT ANSWER This is an error related to a spelling generalization, that when adding -ing to a silent e base word, the e should be dropped." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: slapped; child's spelling: slapt. - CORRECT ANSWER This is a morphemic error. Although the word sounds like it ends with /t/, the child must recognize that -ed is used to spell past tense." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: psychic; child's spelling: pyskic. - CORRECT ANSWER This is a morphemic error that reflects confusion about the correct spelling of the morpheme psych." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: two (as in "two cats"). Child's spelling: too ("too cats"). - CORRECT ANSWER This is a semantically-based error, a confusion of when to use the spelling two (a number) vs. too(meaning "also")." "Which kind of Spelling error is this ? Intended word: except (as in "except for ..."). Child's spelling: accept ("accept for .."). - CORRECT ANSWER This is a semantically-based confusion between two different words, accept and except, that sound similar but have different meanings and spellings." "What are some conditions in which children are at risk for reading difficulties (Group Risk Factors) ? - CORRECT ANSWER -They are expected to attend schools in which achievement is chronically low -They reside in low-income families and live in poor neighborhoods -They have limited proficiency in spoken English -They speak a dialect of English that differs substantially from the one used in school" "What are some conditions in which children are at risk for reading difficulties (Individual Risk Factors) ? - CORRECT ANSWER -They are children of parents with histories of reading difficulty. -They have acquired less knowledge and skill pertaining to literacy during the preschool years, either through lack of appropriate home literacy experiences and/or as a result of some inherent cognitive limitations -They lack age-appropriate skills in literacy-related cognitive-linguistic processing, especially phonological awareness, confrontational naming, sentence/story recall, and general language ability -They have been diagnosed as having specific early language impairment, a hearing impairment, or a primary medical diagnosis with which reading problems tend to occur as a secondary symptom" "Which Language of origin is described? -Short, one-syllable words, sometimes compounded -Use of vowel teams, silent letters, digraphs, diphthongs in spelling -Words for common, everyday things -Irregular spellings - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo-Saxon(Old English)" "Which Language of origin is described? -ou for /ū/ -Soft c and gwhen followed by e, i, y -Special endings such as -ine, -ette, -elle, -ique -Words for food and fashion, abstract social ideals, relationships - CORRECT ANSWER Norman French" "Which Language of origin is described? -Multisyllabic words with prefixes, roots, suffixes -Content words found in text of social sciences, traditional physical sciences, and literature - CORRECT ANSWER Latin/Romance" "Which Language of origin is described? -Spellings ph for /f/, ch for /k/, and y for /ǔ/ -Constructed from combining forms, similar to English compounds -Philosophical, mathematical and . scientific terminology - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "Which Language of origin is described in the following words? sky, earth, moon, sun, water, sheep, dog, horse, cow, hen, head, arm, finger, toe, heart, shoe, shirt, pants, socks, coat, brother, father, mother, sister, hate, love, think, want, touch, does, were, been, would, do - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo-Saxon(Old English)" "Which Language of origin is described in the following words? amuse, cousin, cuisine, country, peace, triage, rouge, baguette, novice, justice, soup, coupon, nouvelle, boutique - CORRECT ANSWER Norman French" "Which Language of origin is described in the following words? firmament, terrestrial, solar, stellar, aquarium, mammal, equine, pacify, mandible, extremity, locomotion, paternal, maternity, designate, hostility, amorous, contemplate, delectable, deception, reject, refer - CORRECT ANSWER Latin/Romance" "Which Language of origin is described in the following words? hypnosis, agnostic, neuropsychology, decathalon, catatonic, agoraphobia, chlorophyll, physiognomy - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "What percentage of the English Language is derived from Latin, French or Greek origin? - CORRECT ANSWER About 70% of the words derive from Latin, French, or Greek." "What percentage of the English Language is derived from German origin? - CORRECT ANSWER About 22% from German origin." "How could knowing the following information be helpful to students? The words bat, battle, battalion, combat, combatant, combative, battering ram and debate contain the root -bat- meaning 'to beat. - CORRECT ANSWER Approaching these related words through their shared root offers a way to decode, encode, and decipher meanings." "What is the name of a prefix (often nicknamed chameleon) where, for ease of pronunciation, the final letter changes according to the initial letter of the base to which it is attached (e.g., ad- changes to ar- before range to make arrange; in- changes to im- before pact to make impact) - CORRECT ANSWER Assimilated Prefix" "What is the name for a free morpheme; word with no prefixes and suffixes (e.g., -port-, -kind-) ? - CORRECT ANSWER Base Word or Root Word" "What is the term often used to describe Greek-based morphemes (rather than specifying whether they are roots or affixes) (e.g., -phon-, -crac-/-crat-, -bio-) ? - CORRECT ANSWER Combining Form also called element" "What is the term for letter(s) in English words used to combine two morphemes; connectives function as "glue" and are not morphemes themselves? - CORRECT ANSWER connective" "Which connective describes this? Connects a root to a suffix or two suffixes to each other (e.g., media, gradient, regular). three common connectives: -i-, -u-, and -ul-. - CORRECT ANSWER Latin-Based Connectives" "Which connective describes this? Connective -o- often joins two combining forms or elements (e.g., photograph, democracy) - CORRECT ANSWER Greek-Based Connective" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -ist (dentist, florist) - CORRECT ANSWER noun (people noun)" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable?-ment (investment, argument) - CORRECT ANSWER noun" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -or (instructor, tutor) - CORRECT ANSWER noun (people noun)" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -ture (nature, adventure) - CORRECT ANSWER noun" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -ize (utilize, systematize) - CORRECT ANSWER verb" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -ive (talkative, active) - CORRECT ANSWER adjective" "Which part of speech uses this final stable syllable? -ous (dangerous) - CORRECT ANSWER adjective" "This describes which tier of vocabulary? This tier consists of words that are used across the content areas and are important for students to know and understand. Included here are process words like analyze and evaluate that students will run into on many standardized tests and that are also used at the university level, in many careers, and in everyday life. We really want to get these words into students' long-term memory. - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 2 Vocabulary" "This describes which tier of vocabulary? These are the common, everyday words that most children enter school knowing already. Since we don't need to teach these, this is a tier without tears! - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 1 Vocabulary" "Reading is an interactive process that requires three levels of understanding, what are the levels? - CORRECT ANSWER surface code, text base, and mental models." "This describes which tier of vocabulary? This tier consists of content-specific vocabulary—the words that are often defined in textbooks or glossaries. These words are important for imparting ideas during lessons and helping to build students' background knowledge. - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 3 Vocabulary" "The Level of Comprehension that refers to the exact wording of the text. - CORRECT ANSWER The surface code" "The level of Comprehension that requires readers to dig a little deeper and identify main ideas in text. - CORRECT ANSWER Text base" "The Level of Comprehension that is derived from the meaning students construct with the text. - CORRECT ANSWER Mental Model" "What are the sounds of -ed? - CORRECT ANSWER /id/ floated /t/ walked /d/dreamed" "Count the morphemes in the word prescription. - CORRECT ANSWER pre + script + ion (3)" "Count the morphemes in the word disruptive. - CORRECT ANSWER dis + rupt + ive (3)" "Count the morphemes in the word structurally. - CORRECT ANSWER struct + ure + al + ly (4)" "Count the morphemes in the word connectivity. - CORRECT ANSWER con + nect + ive + ity (4)" "Count the morphemes in the word hypothermia. - CORRECT ANSWER hypo + therm + ia (3)" "The process of hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent that sound. - CORRECT ANSWER Encoding" "This term involves seeing a written symbol and being able to say what sound it represents. - CORRECT ANSWER Decoding" "What are the 5 components of Language Comprehension on Scarborough's Reading Rope? - CORRECT ANSWER Background Knowledge, Vocabulary, language Structures, Verbal Reasoning and Literacy Knowledge" "What are the 3 components of Word Recognition on Scarborough's Reading Rope? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological Awareness, Decoding and Sight Recognition" "A group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. Ex. I went to the store and bought groceries. - CORRECT ANSWER Independent Clause (It's independent, you won't need any help understanding what it means.)" "A group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. Ex. I went to the... - CORRECT ANSWER Dependent Clause (It's dependent, it's contingent upon finishing the rest of the thought)" "This is a term for a sentence with an independent clause with no conjunction or dependent clause. - CORRECT ANSWER Simple Sentence" "This is a term for a sentence with two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so). - CORRECT ANSWER Compound Sentence" "This is a term for a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. - CORRECT ANSWER Complex Sentence" "This term includes not only the mechanical and visual perceptual processes of graphics and handwriting, but also the acquisition of language, learned spelling and phonology. - CORRECT ANSWER Graphomotor Skills" "This term involves the ability or capacity to accurately interpret or give meaning to what is seen (skill required for handwriting) - CORRECT ANSWER Visual-perceptual skills:" "Morphology studies the structure of sentences, True or False? - CORRECT ANSWER False, Morphology is the studies the structure of words, Syntax studies the structure of sentences." "This term refers to the ability to both store in memory and retrieve from memory letters and word patterns. (skill needed for handwriting) - CORRECT ANSWER Orthographic Coding" "This term means the ability to conceive/ideate, organize/plan, and execute a novel task. - CORRECT ANSWER Motor planning and execution: (Knowing what to do, knowing how to do it and carrying it out in a smooth process.)" "This term comes from the sensorimotor system and is required for any motor action. Kinesthesia is the knowledge of where each body part is and direction in which it is moving. It is a component of motor control for legible handwriting produced at an acceptable rate. - CORRECT ANSWER Kinesthetic Feedback" "The term for "conscious" knowing. This type of memory has two pathways for storage and retrieval - semantic and episodic. - CORRECT ANSWER Explicit Memory (Semantic, Episodic)" "The term for unconscious and automatic. This type of memory also has two pathways for storage and retrieval - procedural and emotional. - CORRECT ANSWER Implicit memory (procedural, Emotional)" "The area of the brain that processes articulation and helps us connect sounds to letters. - CORRECT ANSWER Broca's Area" "This area of the brain is located above the back ear, is responsible in decoding or breaking down a word (e.g. C+AT= CAT). This part of the brain is not always activated in dyslexic people. - CORRECT ANSWER Left parieto-temporal area" "This area of the brain is located behind the ears towards the back part of the head, functions as the visual word-form area (in the right side of the brain - it helps in word-form memory. This part of the brain is not always activated in dyslexic people. - CORRECT ANSWER Occipito-Temporal Area," "This side of the brain of this area is responsible for mapping phonetic sounds to the corresponding letters. - CORRECT ANSWER The Left side of the Brain (Remember the sentence: The phonetic sounds LEFT and went to the corresponding letters)." "This side of the brain functions as the visual word-form area it helps in word-form memory. - CORRECT ANSWER The right side of the brain. (Remember the sentence: Your word form is RIGHT!)" "When determining the Reading difficulty, and skill gaps... Students who have good or adequate language comprehension and good or adequate decoding are - CORRECT ANSWER Most likely at or above grade level in reading." "When determining the Reading difficulty, and skill gaps... What is the profile of Students who have good language comprehension but poor word recognition/decoding skills? - CORRECT ANSWER This profile is termed specific word recognition difficulties (SWRD), because the child's reading problems are specific to word recognition, not language comprehension." "When determining the Reading difficulty, and skill gaps... What is the profile of Students who have poor language comprehension but good word recognition/decoding skills? - CORRECT ANSWER This profile is called specific comprehension difficulties (SCD), because the child's reading problems are specific to comprehension and do not involve reading words." "When determining the Reading difficulty, and skill gaps... What is the profile of Students who have weaknesses in both language comprehension and word recognition/decoding skills? - CORRECT ANSWER This profile is often called mixed reading difficulties (MRD), because the reading problems include both word recognition and comprehension." "Students with good language comprehension but poor word recognition (SWRD), typically need what kind of intervention? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonics intervention. For most of these children, effective phonics intervention, if accompanied by adequate levels of fluency, should enable children to achieve grade-appropriate reading comprehension" "Students with poor language comprehension but good word recognition and decoding (SCD), need what type of intervention? - CORRECT ANSWER They require comprehension interventions that address their specific needs in the domain of comprehension (e.g., vocabulary, background knowledge, inferencing)." "Students with weaknesses in both language comprehension and word recognition/decoding (MRD), require what type of intervention? - CORRECT ANSWER They will need both phonics intervention and intervention addressing their specific comprehension needs." "According to Scarborough's Reading Rope, what are 5 the components to Language Comprehension? - CORRECT ANSWER Language Comprehension-Background Knowledge, Vocabulary, Language Structure, Verbal Reasoning, Literacy Knowledge (Here is a mnemonic sentence, If you take the first Letter of each component, Language Comprehension Brings Kids Valuable Lessons Since Vulnerable Readers Lack Knowledge)" "According to Scarborough's Reading Rope, what are 3 the components to Word Recognition? - CORRECT ANSWER Word Recognition- Phonological Awareness, Decoding, Sight Recognition (Here is a mnemonic sentence, If you take the first Letter of each component, Word Recognition Pains All Dyslexic Students Regularly)" "What are the 3 components of fluency? - CORRECT ANSWER A.R.E. Accuracy Rate Expression" "When referring to Reading and the brain, What is included in the "Four Part Processor" Model? (These systems must work together to support word recognition) - CORRECT ANSWER Context Processor, Orthographic Processor, Meaning Processor and Phonological Processor. (How to remember- your Reading Brain is a COMPuter- Context, Orthographic, Meaning, Phonological)" "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which stage do you read multiple texts and assimilate information? - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 6, The Construction and Reconstruction stage which usually occurs in college/adulthood. (Remember- in college, you can get a degree in CONSTRUCTION)" "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which phase do you pretend to read, point to words and pictures and recite the alphabet? - CORRECT ANSWER The Pre Reading Stage which is birth to Kindergarten. (Remember: PREreading, PREtending takes place in the timeframe of PRE-K)" "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which stages do you appreciate different points of view and appreciate reading for knowledge and enjoyment? - CORRECT ANSWER The Developing Multiple Viewpoints which occurs in High School. (Remember you go to the DMV (Developing Multiple Viewpoints) in your High School Years)." "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which stage do you gain phonemic awareness and focus on letter sound relationships? - CORRECT ANSWER The Read and Decode Phase which takes place in 1st/2nd grade. (Remember: Obviously Reading and Decoding are taught in the 1st and 2nd grade timeframe)." "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which phase do you start to read for learning, instead of learning to read? - CORRECT ANSWER The Read for Learning, which usually occurs in 4th to 8th grade. Students are using their reading skills in other subject areas such as science, math, history and geography. (Remember- 4th-8th grade they are using reading for 4 (4th) other subject areas- science, math, history and geography)" "When Remembering Chall's Stages of Reading, which phase do you become fluent at recognizing words, and that print is associated with familiar stories? - CORRECT ANSWER The Fluency Stage which usually occurs in 2nd/3rd grade. (Remember- FLU-ency and two (2nd grade) rhyme.)" "What are the 5 Stages of Spelling Development? - CORRECT ANSWER Pre-Communicative, Semi-phonetic, Phonetic, Transitional, Correct" "According to Nancy Young's Reading Ladder, what percentage of students are advantaged by the Structured Literacy Approach? - CORRECT ANSWER 40%" "According to Nancy Young's Reading Ladder, what percentage of students is it essential to be taught by the Structured Literacy Approach? - CORRECT ANSWER 60%" "What are the 4 areas in which teachers can differentiate instruction? - CORRECT ANSWER Content, Process, Products and Learning Environment." "What is the 10th disability type (in which Dyslexia falls under)? - CORRECT ANSWER Specific Learning Disability (SLD)" "What is a federal law that sets specific standards for the education of those with special needs? - CORRECT ANSWER The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)" "Why should you use nonsense words or syllables during the Vowel Intensive? - CORRECT ANSWER Because they don't have phonemic awareness which is needed when reading multisyllabic words." "Language that is spoken or written is ____________ language. - CORRECT ANSWER Expressive Language. (You express yourself when you speak or write)" "Language that is heard or read is ________________language. - CORRECT ANSWER Receptive Language. (When you hear or read, you are receiving information)" "What type of articulation is /sh/? - CORRECT ANSWER A Fricative sound." "What type of articulation is /g/? - CORRECT ANSWER A Stop sound." "What type of articulation is /ng/? - CORRECT ANSWER A nasal Sound." "What type of articulation is /ch/? - CORRECT ANSWER An Affricate sound." "What type of articulation is /y/? - CORRECT ANSWER A Glide sound." "What type of articulation is /r/? - CORRECT ANSWER A Liquid sound." "Which origin does the following come from? Short words with vowel teams, silent letters, and some of our more challenging configurations o ing = /ēng/ king o aw=/ô/ lawn o or = /er/ work o kn = /n/ knife - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo-Saxon Origin" "Which origin does the following come from? Often found in math and science vocabulary • Includes o ch = /k/ o y=/ĭ/ o ph = /f/ school gym phone - CORRECT ANSWER Greek Origin" "What marking is used to indicate a short vowel? - CORRECT ANSWER A breve." "What marking is used to indicate a long vowel? - CORRECT ANSWER A Macron." "Magic e makes the preceding vowel long. True or False? - CORRECT ANSWER True" "English word ends in v and do not need a silent e. True or False? - CORRECT ANSWER False. No English word ends in v, it always has to have a silent e." "x says /x/ true or false? - CORRECT ANSWER False, x says /ks/" "No English word ends with j, true or false? - CORRECT ANSWER True!" "The National Assessment of Educational Progress consistently finds that about ________% of all fourth graders read at a level described as "below basic," - CORRECT ANSWER 31%" "What are the (5) language processing requirements of proficient reading and writing? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological, Orthographic, Semantic, Syntactic, Discourse." "When teaching struggling High School and Middle School students, what is one of the main things you must consider? - CORRECT ANSWER Motivation. *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "You go to make copies of a workbook and notice a copyright at the bottom of the page, what should you do? a. make the copies anyway b. ask the school to buy workbooks for the entire class c. re-type the worksheet and copy it d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER b. ask the school to buy workbooks for the entire class *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "You have a struggling reader that you have been seeing for a while. The parents have found a new auditory tutoring method they want you to try with the student. Ethically, what should you do? a. research the method and give it a try b. inform the parents that the method will not help their son c. try the new method to appease them d. integrate is with the current methods you are using - CORRECT ANSWER b. inform the parents that the method will not help their son *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "Which scores would be the characteristics of a student who is dyslexic? (mean score 100) a. oral language comprehension 91, decoding 89 b. oral language comprehension 94, Spelling 61 c. spelling 85, Oral Language Comprehension 80 d. Decoding 90, Oral Language Comprehension 72 - CORRECT ANSWER b. Oral Language Comprehension 94, Spelling 61 *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "A group of Students is having problems with the following passage: Sonny, true love is the greatest thing in the world, except for a nice MLT: mutton, lettuce and tomato sandwich, where the mutton is nice and lean and the tomato is ripe. In what area might the teacher need to focus on with these students? a. decoding b. fluency c. syntax d. morphemes - CORRECT ANSWER c. syntax *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "which of the following would be originated from the Greek language? a. act, acu, aud b. arthr, bio, crac c. dic, duct, dur d. s, -ing, -ed - CORRECT ANSWER b. arthr, bio, crac *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "This term is the ability to match motor output with visual input. It is this gross monitoring that prevents us from writing on the desk or crossing over lines, and keeps us within margins. - CORRECT ANSWER Visual-Motor Coordination" "in, ad, and ob, are examples of what? a. derivational suffixes b. connectives c. assimilated prefixes d. vowel teams - CORRECT ANSWER c. assimilated prefixes *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "Which type of compounds usually have closed, open, and VCe syllables? a. greek b. latin c. Anglo-Saxon d. French - CORRECT ANSWER c. Anglo-Saxon *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "What type of spelling error would this be: calerfol / colorful? a. orthographic b. phonological c. morphological d. animated - CORRECT ANSWER b. phonological Great resource: *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "What type of spelling error would this be: equilise / equalize? a. orthographic b. phonological c. morphological d. animated - CORRECT ANSWER c. morphological error Great resource: *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "Kevin knows his multiplication facts, but he "freezes up", he has trouble Making decisions and picking up on social cues, Writing is always hard for him, but it's even harder when his classmates keep saying "Hurry up!" What does Kevin display characteristics of? a. ADHD b. Dyphraxia c. Dyslexia d. Slow Processing Speed - CORRECT ANSWER d. Slow Processing Speed *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "Which spelling rule would go with these words? hoping, whales, glided a. dropping rule b. Magic e rule c. changing rule d. doubling rule - CORRECT ANSWER a. dropping rule There was a very similar question on my KPEERI, make sure you are familiar with all the spelling rules!" "How many different syllable patterns are used in the following words? How many ways is the /k/ sound spelled in the same list of words: sky, bake, click, took, ask, buckle, break, like, check, syllable patterns used/ ways to spell /k/ sounds a. 4, 4 b. 3, 3 c. 5, 4 d. 5, 3 - CORRECT ANSWER d. 5, 3 In the list of words, the different syllable patterns are Vowel Teams, open, closed, Magic E, consonant -le. The /k/ sound is spelled <k>, <c> and <ck>. *There was a very similar question on my KPEERI" "Which word has the most graphemes? A. teach B. thing C. Stripe D. Chew - CORRECT ANSWER C. S+t+r+i+p=5 (T+ea+ch=3, th+i+ng=3, ch+ew=2) This is similar to a question I had on the KPEERI." "The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing. - CORRECT ANSWER Emergent Literacy" "Language that is spoken. - CORRECT ANSWER Expressive Language" "What are the 5 components of Reading? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension." "Vocabulary common to written texts but not commonly a part of speech; in the Standards, these words and phrases are analogous to Tier Two words and phrases are typically this... - CORRECT ANSWER General academic words and phrases (Remember, Tier 2 isn't necessarily common in every day language Ex. analyze, restrict, formulate.)" "The relationship between letters and phonemes. - CORRECT ANSWER Graphophonemic (Examples would include Recognizing alphabetic sequence while singing the alphabet song, naming letters as well as matching upper and lowercase letters)." "Words that are spelled the same but have different origins and meanings. They may or may not be pronounced the same (e.g., can as in a metal container/can as in able to). - CORRECT ANSWER Homograph -same spelling, different meaning and may have a different pronunciation (Remember- Homographs are always spelled the same, so remember the ending "-graph," which is a Greek root meaning "writing.") "When the teacher WRITES with a pencil, she needs LEAD to LEAD instruction" Lead= graphite Lead=guide" "Words that sound the same but are spelled differently (e.g., cents/sense, knight/night). - CORRECT ANSWER Homonym -Multiple Meaning Words- "nym" means name Remember the sentence "Hello, my name is Amber, I came to buy Amber. Amber= name Amber=fossilized resin" "Words that may or may not be spelled alike but are pronounced the same. These words are of different origins and have different meanings (e.g., ate and eight; scale as in the covering of a fish; and scale as in a device used to weigh things) - CORRECT ANSWER Homophone (Homophones always sound alike, so remember the ending "-phone," which is a Greek root meaning "sound.") "These routines include the following sequence of steps: Explicit instruction Modeling Guided practice Student practice, application, and feedback Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER Instructional Routines" "The matching of an oral sound to its corresponding letter or group of letters. - CORRECT ANSWER Letter-sound correspondence" "This concept includes reading, writing, and the creative and analytical acts involved in producing and comprehending texts. - CORRECT ANSWER Literacy" "This is the smallest meaningful unit of language. This can be one syllable (book) or more than one syllable (seventeen). It can be a whole word or a part of a word such as a prefix or suffix. For example, the word ungrateful contains three of these: un, grate, and ful. - CORRECT ANSWER Morpheme" "An analysis of words formed by adding prefixes, suffixes or other meaningful word units to a base word. - CORRECT ANSWER Morphemic Analysis (meanings of words can be determined or inferred by examining their meaningful parts.) Ex. biology= bio+logy bio=life logy=the study of" "Units of meaning within words. The study of how words are formed from prefixes, roots, and suffixes (e.g., mis-spell-ing), and how words are related to each other. - CORRECT ANSWER Morphology Remember: Morphology (Greek Origin) morph+o+loge+y morph=form, structure loge= speech, word, account, reason" "This is using a word's letter patterns to help determine, in part, the meaning and pronunciation of a word. For example, the morpheme vis in words such as vision and visible is from the Latin root word that means to see; and the ay in stay is pronounced the same in the words gray and play. - CORRECT ANSWER Morphophonology morpho=shape/structure phono=sound logy=study of" "______________ is the rate at which a child can recite "overlearned" stimuli such as letters and single-digit numbers. (May be connected to executive functioning or processing speed) - CORRECT ANSWER Naming Speed" "Vowels that are pronounced differently from the expected pronunciation (e.g., the "o" in old is pronounced /ō/ instead of the expected /o/. - CORRECT ANSWER oddities (odd, think different)" "A part of the word that is the initial consonant sound, blend, or digraph in a single syllable word or syllable. - CORRECT ANSWER Onset" "A part of the word that is the first vowel phoneme followed by all the other phonemes (at in rat; esh in fresh). - CORRECT ANSWER Rime" "What are the five components of oral language? - CORRECT ANSWER phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. (Remember: Oral Language gives me bad P.P.M.S.S.) ha ha" "A child with these difficulties may exhibit poor vocabulary, listening comprehension, or grammatical abilities for his or her age. - CORRECT ANSWER Oral language difficulties" "This is the understanding that the sounds in a language are represented by written or printed symbols. - CORRECT ANSWER Orthographic knowledge ortho=correct graphy=process of writing or recording" "This is the ability to identify words by sight (i.e., sight words) allowing instant recognition. This is required for effortless, accurate, and fluent reading. /b/ /e/ /d/ - bed - CORRECT ANSWER Orthographic Mapping" "The conventional spelling and writing system of a language. - CORRECT ANSWER Orthography ortho=correct graphy=process of writing or recording" "Given at the end of the year for two purposes. First, they can help the principal and teachers in a school evaluate the overall effectiveness of their reading program for all students. Second, they are required in Reading First schools to help districts evaluate their progress toward meeting the goal of "every child reading on grade level" by third grade. Schools must show regular progress toward this goal to continue receiving Reading First funds, also know as "High Stakes" testing. - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome Assessment (Think they are "high Stakes" because their outcome could determine funding for the next year)." "The Phase of Word-Learning that Sight word learning is at the earliest period. Children do not form letter-sound connections to read words; if they are able to read words at all, they do so by remembering selected visual features. - CORRECT ANSWER Pre-alphabetic (Think of a child recognizing McDonald's, as they drive by)" "The Phase of Word-Learning that Children learn the names or sounds of alphabet letters and use these to remember how to read words. However, they form connections between only some of the letters and sounds in words, often only the first and final letter-sounds. - CORRECT ANSWER Partial alphabetic (Think P = puppy)" "The Phase of Word-Learning that Children can form complete connections between letters in written words and phonemes in pronunciations. - CORRECT ANSWER Full alphabetic (Think c+a+t= cat)" "The Phase of Word-Learning that Readers operate with multi-letter units that may be morphemes, syllables, or subsyllabic units such as onsets and rimes. Common spelling patterns become consolidated into letter chunks, and these chunks make it easier to read words. - CORRECT ANSWER Consolidated alphabetic (Think spl+ash= splash)" "The smallest units of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of a word is called a ________________. - CORRECT ANSWER phoneme" "the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words. An example of how beginning readers show us they have phonemic awareness is combining or blending the separate sounds of a word to say the word ("/c/ /a/ /t/ - cat.") - CORRECT ANSWER Phonemic Awareness" "A method for teaching reading by applying the systematic, predicatable relationship between written letters and spoken sounds (the alphabetic principle). - CORRECT ANSWER Phonics (phon= sound, ics= to speak tell or say)" "This means the teachers provide precise directions in teaching. - CORRECT ANSWER Explicit" "A succession of letters that represent the same phonological unit in different words, such as "igh" in flight, might, tight, sigh, and high. - CORRECT ANSWER Phonogram" "Basic knowledge about print and how it is typically organized on a page. For example, print conveys meaning, print is read left to right, and words are separated by spaces. - CORRECT ANSWER Print Awareness" "A component of concepts of print, which includes the knowledge of letters, words, and sentences in a text or book; spaces between words; capitalization; and punctuation. - CORRECT ANSWER Print Structure" "A student performance that meets the criterion established in the Standards as measured by a teacher or assessment; in the Standards, often paired with independent(ly) to suggest a successful student performance done without scaffolding; in the Reading standards, the act of reading a text with comprehension; - CORRECT ANSWER Proficient" "Reading with expression, proper intonation, and phrasing. This helps readers to sound as if they are speaking the part they are reading. It is also this element of fluency that sets it apart from automaticity. - CORRECT ANSWER Prosody" "This is a multiple-strategy instructional approach for teaching comprehension skills to students. Teachers teach students four strategies: asking questions about the text they are reading; summarizing parts of the text; clarifying words and sentences they don't understand; and predicting what might occur next in the text. - CORRECT ANSWER Reciprocal Teaching (Keywords- Predict, Question, Clarify, Summarize)" "Phonics instruction that matches phoneme to grapheme. - CORRECT ANSWER Sound to Symbol" "Refers to digraphs, vowel pairs, word families, and vowel variant spellings. - CORRECT ANSWER Spelling Patterns" "This sound can only be said for an instant, otherwise its sound will be distorted (i.e., / b/, /c/ /d/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /p/, /q/, /t/, /x/). Words beginning with these sounds are more difficult for students to sound out than words beginning with a continuous sound. - CORRECT ANSWER Stop Sounds" "What are the 6 elements of a story? - CORRECT ANSWER Characters, problem, solutions, themes, settings, and plot." "A strategy used to unlock the plot and important elements of a story. These elements can be represented visually through various graphic organizers showing the beginning, middle, and end of a story. Answering the questions of who, where, when, what, and how or why, and listing the main events is also part of this. - CORRECT ANSWER Story Maps" "These types of learners make predictions, organize information, and interact with the text. They think about what they are reading in terms of what they already know. They monitor their comprehension by employing strategies that facilitate their understanding. - CORRECT ANSWER Strategic Learner" "A procedure for teaching students to read words formed with prefixes, suffixes, or other meaningful word parts. - CORRECT ANSWER Structural Analysis (Analyzing the structure of words)" "An affix attached to the end of a base, root, or stem that changes the meaning or grammatical function of the word, as "en" in oxen. - CORRECT ANSWER Suffix" "Phrase and sentence structure (grammar). - CORRECT ANSWER Syntax (Think of the way Yoda talks, it's a SIN (SYNtax) because it's wrong.)" "The various patterns of ideas that are embedded in the organization of text (e.g., cause-effect, comparison-contrast, story grammar). - CORRECT ANSWER Text Structure" "Letters that appear frequently in words. Beginning readers can decode more words when they know these. Knowing the sounds of /m/, /a/, /t/, and /i/ is more advantageous than the sounds /x/, /q/ /y/, and /z/. Other useful letter sounds are /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /b/, /c/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /n/, /p/, and /r/. - CORRECT ANSWER Useful Letter Sounds" "A carefully planned sequence for instruction, similar to a builder's blueprint for a house. This is carefully thought out, strategic, and designed before activities and lessons are planned. Lessons build on previously taught information, from simple to complex. - CORRECT ANSWER Systematic Instruction" "Multiple Spelling patterns for a specific sound or a variety of spelling patterns for one sound (e.g., long a spelled a, a_e, ai_, _ay). - CORRECT ANSWER Varient Correspondences (varient- something substantially the same, but in different form)" "This term refers to the words a person knows when hearing them in oral speech - CORRECT ANSWER Listening vocabulary" "Knowledge of the meaning and pronunciation of words. - CORRECT ANSWER Vocabulary" "This term refers to the words we use when we speak. - CORRECT ANSWER Speaking vocabulary" "A type of suffix that creates a new word; the new word is derived from the base word, e.g., adding -er to the word teach creates a new word teacher. - CORRECT ANSWER Derivational Suffix" "What happens in the pre-reading phase of Chall's Stages of Reading Development? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral Language Development" "Which stage of Spelling Development do children use symbols from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. They may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, the distinction between upper- and lower-case letters, and the left-to-right direction of English orthography. - CORRECT ANSWER Precommunicative stage (Remember it's Pre-(before) because they lack knowledge of the entire alphabet)" "Which part of speech would these suffixes commonly go with? -ed, -ing, -en, -fy, -ate (pronounced /a ̄te/), -ize - CORRECT ANSWER Verb (Verbs describe an action or occurrence)" "Which stage of Spelling Development do children use a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound that they hear in a word. Although some of their choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, they are systematic and easily understood. Examples are KOM for come and EN for in. - CORRECT ANSWER Phonetic stage (Remember- They are at the age of Understanding Phonics)" "In this stage of Spelling Development, The speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence on phonology (sound) for representing words to a reliance on visual representation and an understanding of the structure of words. Some examples are EGUL for eagle and HIGHEKED for hiked. - CORRECT ANSWER Transitional stage (Remember, they are TRANSITIONing their knowledge from sound to Print)" "Which stage of Spelling Development do children begins to understand letter-sound correspondence ? that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you). - CORRECT ANSWER Semiphonetic stage (Remember, they SEMI-Understand phonics, but not quite)" "Which Manner of articulation has a Puff of air, blockage in some part of the mouth. Cannot continue or stretch the sound? ex. /b/ /k/ - CORRECT ANSWER Stop/Plosive (Remember the /p/ in the word Plosive is a plosive or stop sound)" "In this stage of Spelling Development, the speller knows the English orthographic system and its basic rules. The correct speller fundamentally understands how to deal with such things as prefixes and suffixes, silent consonants, alternative spellings, and irregular spellings. A large number of learned words are accumulated, and the speller recognizes incorrect forms. The child's generalizations about spelling and knowledge of exceptions are usually correct. - CORRECT ANSWER Correct stage (Remember, they are able to CORRECTly spell at this age)" "Able to identify a word , and identify a letter are what concept? - CORRECT ANSWER Concept of Print" "These are given to all students at the beginning of the school year to determine which students are at risk of struggling with reading. They are not used to diagnose specific skill gaps; rather, they help to identify children who need diagnostic assessments, as well as children who may require supplemental intervention. - CORRECT ANSWER Screening Assessments (Key Word- Screen Students at the beginning of the year to see if they need intervention)" "These are used to assess specific skills or components of reading such as phonemic awareness, phonics skills, and fluency. The results of diagnostic assessments inform instruction and intervention - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic Assessments (Keywords: assesses specific skills or components to "diagnose" a specific need)" "These are formal assessments, often used as diagnostic tools. The score compares the student's skills to a defined population used in standardizing the test (i.e., how did this student perform on these tasks compared to other students in the same grade or age range). Examples of these tests include the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. Typically these kinds of tests should not be administered more than once a year. - CORRECT ANSWER Norm Referenced Assessments (Key words- Compares student's progress to others in their peer group, are they "normal"? EX: Woodcock Johnson)" "These are both formal and informal assessments, and are also used as diagnostic tools. The score compares the student's skills to a defined set of skills and a goal (criterion) for mastery. These assessments are administered before instruction and after instruction to measure a student's skill growth. An example of this type of test is the Core Phonics Survey. Usually these kinds of tests can be administered more than once a year. - CORRECT ANSWER Criterion Referenced Assessments (CORE PHONICS or IMSE Assessments)" "__________ ________ are also called high stakes assessments, are given to all students in a grade. They measure students' skills against grade-level expectations. They are used to make decisions about students, teachers, a school, or even an entire school system. - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome Assessments" "These measure a student's overall progress during the school year or progress toward acquiring specific skills that have been taught. Examples of these kinds of measures include curriculum-based measures (CBMs), criterion-referenced tests, and informal measures such as reading inventories. These tests can be given more than once a year and, depending on the assessment, sometimes quite frequently. For instance, many CBMs could be given on a weekly basis if desired. - CORRECT ANSWER Progress Monitoring Assessments" "The way in which an assessment is administered to students is especially important for standardized assessments. - CORRECT ANSWER Standardized Administration (Keyword- to make sure tests are administered in a standardized way.)" "These are examples of ____________. -Putting text materials on tape; -Using spelling or vocabulary lists at readiness levels of students; -Presenting ideas through both auditory and visual means; -Using reading buddies -Meeting with small groups to re-teach an idea or skill for struggling learners, or to extend the thinking or skills of advanced learners. - CORRECT ANSWER Differentiating Content" "Which Tier Does this explain? Teachers use scientifically based methods that are proven to work. Teachers do their best to give the kids teaching that fits their skill levels and how they learn best. However, there's not always time to give kids individual attention. Students complete benchmark testing at the beginning, middle and end of academic year. - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 1, Whole Class Instruction" "Which Tier Does this explain? Small group lessons (30 minutes) two to three times a week usually by a general education teacher or tutor. It's important to know that kids who are in this tier still take part in regular lessons with the rest of the class. If they're progressing, they may receive gradually less support. These usually last 8-15 weeks. - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 2, Small Group Interventions" "This is the most intense level of RTI usually 60 - 120 minutes daily. This support is normally given by a special education tutor, or content specialist. This can mean small group work (1-3 students) or it can mean individual instruction. Progress monitoring is weekly. These interventions usually last a minimum of 20 weeks. - CORRECT ANSWER Tier 3, Intensive Interventions" "Mode of organizing knowledge, ideas or experience that is rooted in language and its concrete context. The organization of words through speech or written expression (usually refers to a story or conversation) - CORRECT ANSWER Discourse Organization" "This Describes a topic (academic, factual, informational) - CORRECT ANSWER Expository Discourse (Think EXplain)" "Students without _______________ skills normally have difficulty decoding words. - CORRECT ANSWER phonology" "Students without __________ skills may have difficulty spelling words. - CORRECT ANSWER orthography" "_____________ skills are beneficial to learners in vocabulary building and spelling. - CORRECT ANSWER Morphology" "Students without knowledge of _______________ may have difficulty with vocabulary knowledge with also effects comprehension. - CORRECT ANSWER Semantics" "Students without _____________ skills may have problems with sentence structure, grammar and the mechanics of writing. - CORRECT ANSWER syntactic" "Students not familiar with ___________ __________ may have problems writing narratives or expository papers, struggle with oral communication (having conversations). - CORRECT ANSWER Discourse Organization"