NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Study Guide With complete solution Newest

NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Review Study Guide With complete solution
Newest
What are the three stages of AKI presentation?
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- Prodromal
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- Oliguric
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- post-oliguric
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Causes of chronic kidney disease Il` Il` Il` Il`




- Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons.
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- Due to kidney not recovering
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• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis
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Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease
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- Diabetes
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- Hypertension
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- Recurrent pyelonephritis
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- Polycystic kidney disease
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- History of exposure to toxins
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- Age over 65
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- Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)
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complications of chronic kidney disease Il` Il` Il` Il`




- hypertension and cardiovascular disease
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- uremic syndrome
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- metabolic acidosis
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- electrolyte imbalances
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- bone and mineral disorders
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- malnutrition
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- anemia
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- pain
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- depression
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Hypertension and cardiovascular disease Il` Il` Il`




- (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process
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,Uremic Syndrome Il`




- Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste
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Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




& discomfort)
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. Metabolic acidosis
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- Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia
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Electrolyte Imbalances Il`




- Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium
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Bone and mineral disorders Il` Il` Il`




Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body)
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Malnutrition

- Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and potassium)
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Anemia

- Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life
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Pain

- Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities
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AD

Depression

- Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships
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Urge Incontinence Il`




- Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine
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If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder
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Stress Incontinence Il`




- Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal
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pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and
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lifting heavy objects)
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Neurogenic bladder Il`

, From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition.
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Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.
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Functional Incontinence Il`




- Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time.
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Mixed Incontinence Il`




- A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
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More common in elderly women Il` Il` Il` Il`




Overflow Incontinence Il`




- When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due to something physically blocking; NOT from
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holding urine)
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Cystitis (UTI) Il`




- Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli from infections, chemical irritants or stones.
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General S/S of Cystitis (UTI) Il` Il` Il` Il`




- frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine
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S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children
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- fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea.
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AD

S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults
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- delirium and new onset incontince.
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. Patient teachings to prevent cystitis
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- Urinate before and after sexual intercourse
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- Wipe front to back
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- Take antibiotics as prescribed
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- Increase fluid intake
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- Do not resist urge to urinate
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What can happen if cystitis does not resolve?
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- It can lead up to kidney infections.
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