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Samenvatting - Praktische Psychofarmacologie Dimitri De Bundel

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Gedetaileerde samenvatting (min of meer alles wat hij zei). Leerstof wordt doorheen de lessen vaak herhaald (aangezien ik gewoon noteerde wat hij aangaf).

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Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA

Praktisch psychofarmacologie

Table of Contents
H1: Basisbegrippen ................................................................................................ 8
Anatomie van de hersenen & anatomische terminologie (herhaling) .................................... 8
Ontwikkeling van neurale buis tot hersenen ................................................................................. 8

Cerebrum ................................................................................................................ 9
Functionele organisatie ............................................................................................................ 11
Somatosensoriële cortex (tast) ................................................................................................. 11
Visuele cortex (zicht) ................................................................................................................ 12
Auditieve cortex (gehoor) .......................................................................................................... 12
Gustatieve cortex (smaak) ........................................................................................................ 12
Olfactorische cortex (reuk)........................................................................................................ 13
Motorcortex ............................................................................................................................. 13
Striatum en globus pallidus (= basale ganglia) ............................................................................ 13
Amygdala ................................................................................................................................ 14
Hippocampus .......................................................................................................................... 14
Prefrontale cortex..................................................................................................................... 14

Diencephalon.......................................................................................................... 15
Hypothalamus ......................................................................................................................... 15
Hypofyse en epifyse ................................................................................................................. 15

Het limbisch systeem .............................................................................................. 16
De hersenstam ........................................................................................................................ 16

Cerebellum ............................................................................................................. 17
Hersenbarriëres ...................................................................................................... 18
Cerebrale ventrikels ................................................................................................ 18

Neurotransmissie ............................................................................................. 19
Hersencellen........................................................................................................... 19
Neuronen ................................................................................................................................ 19

Celmembraan (belangrijk voor later) ......................................................................... 20
Synaptische transmissie .......................................................................................... 22
Elektrische transmissie ............................................................................................................ 22
Chemische transmissie (!) ........................................................................................................ 22

Chemische signaaloverdracht .................................................................................. 23
Neurotransmissie en gliotransmissie ......................................................................................... 23
Synaptische spillover ............................................................................................................... 23
Volume transmissie .................................................................................................................. 24
Synaptische en extrasynaptische vesiculaire release .................................................................. 24
Anterograde en retrograde transmissie ...................................................................................... 25



1

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
Axodendritisch, axosomatisch en axoaxonaal ............................................................................ 25

Aangrijpingspunten voor psychopharmaca ................................................................ 26
Farmacologische werkingsmechanismen .................................................................................. 26
Ionkanalen............................................................................................................................... 27
Enzymen.................................................................................................................................. 27
Carriers of transporters ............................................................................................................ 28
Receptoren .............................................................................................................................. 29

Mechanismen van neuromodulatie .................................................................... 31
Moleculaire mechanismen (/adaptaties) ................................................................... 31
Upregulatie en supersensitiviteit ............................................................................................... 32

Cellulaire mechanismen .......................................................................................... 32
Presynaptische (homotrope) autoreceptoren: inhibitie of facilitatie ............................................. 32
Presynaptische (heterotrope) receptoren: inhibitie of facilitatie ................................................... 33
Disinhibitie.............................................................................................................................. 33

Neurotransmitter en neuromodulator systemen ................................................. 34
Glutamaat (glutamaterge synaps) ............................................................................. 34
GABA (GABAerge synaps).......................................................................................... 36
Glutamaat & GABA ................................................................................................................... 36

Signaalstoffen ......................................................................................................... 38
Acetylcholine (ACh) .................................................................................................................. 38
Dopamine (DA) ........................................................................................................................ 39
Noradrenaline (NA)................................................................................................................... 40
Serotonine (5-HT) ..................................................................................................................... 41
Histamine ................................................................................................................................ 42

H2: Middelen gebruik & behandelingen .............................................................. 44
Aan middelen gebonden stoornissen ........................................................................ 44
DSM-5: Substance use disorders (SUD) (GEEN examenvraag) ..................................................... 44
Het opponent process model .................................................................................................... 44
Het Koob model voor verslaving ................................................................................................ 45

Centrale stimulantia ................................................................................................ 48
Farmacologisch overzicht (= mogelijke examenvraag) ................................................................. 48
Cocaïne ................................................................................................................................... 49
Amfetamines ........................................................................................................................... 50
MDMA ..................................................................................................................................... 51
Synthetische cathinonen .......................................................................................................... 53
Behandeling van stimulantia gebruik stoornis? .......................................................................... 53

Nicotine .................................................................................................................. 53
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 54
Middelen bij tabaksgebruik ....................................................................................................... 56

Opioïden ................................................................................................................. 57
Morfine, heroine en synthetische opioïden ................................................................................. 57
Endogene opoïden en opioïd receptoren.................................................................................... 57



2

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
Opioïd tolerantie ...................................................................................................................... 58
Famacologisch overzicht .......................................................................................................... 58
Verslavingspotentiëel ............................................................................................................... 59

Behandeling opioid gebruik stoornis ......................................................................... 59
Cannabinoiden ........................................................................................................ 62
Cannabis ................................................................................................................................. 62
Farmacologische overzicht ....................................................................................................... 62
Therapeutische toepassingen ................................................................................................... 62
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 63
Behandeling cannabis gebruik stoornis ..................................................................................... 63

Alcohol ................................................................................................................... 64
Ethanol .................................................................................................................................... 64
Farmacologisch overzicht ......................................................................................................... 64
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 64
Neurotoxiciteit ......................................................................................................................... 65
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................ 66
Interacties ............................................................................................................................... 67

GHB/GBL ................................................................................................................ 68
Farmacologische overzicht ....................................................................................................... 68
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 68
Abscenes, diepe slaap, coma ................................................................................................... 68

Dissociatieve anaesthetica ...................................................................................... 69
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 70

Klassieke psychedelica ............................................................................................ 70
Farmacologisch overzicht ......................................................................................................... 70
Verslavingspotentieel ............................................................................................................... 71
Therapeutisch potentieel .......................................................................................................... 71

Key points ............................................................................................................... 71

H3: Behandeling van ADHD ................................................................................ 72
Het netwerk model .................................................................................................. 72
Het “catecholamine arousal” model ......................................................................... 73
Behandeling ............................................................................................................ 77
Medicatie ................................................................................................................................ 77

Verslavingspotentieel .............................................................................................. 83
Keypoints ................................................................................................................ 83

H4: Hypnotica en Sedativa ................................................................................. 84
Insomnia en andere slaapstoornissen ....................................................................... 84
DSM5: Insomnia ....................................................................................................................... 84

Slaap en alertheid.................................................................................................... 84
SCN en circadiaan ritme ........................................................................................................... 84



3

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
VLPO GABA projecties .............................................................................................................. 85
LH orexine projecties ................................................................................................................ 85
Ascenderend reticulair activerend systeem (ARAS)..................................................................... 85
GABA en de thalamische filter ................................................................................................... 86
GABA en angst/paniek .............................................................................................................. 87

Hypnotica en sedativa.............................................................................................. 87
Farmacologische indeling ......................................................................................................... 87

GABAA receptoren .................................................................................................... 87
GABAerge transmissie .............................................................................................................. 87
GABAA modulatie ..................................................................................................................... 87
GABAA receptor subtypes .......................................................................................................... 88

Benzodiazepines ..................................................................................................... 88
Indicaties benzodiazepines ....................................................................................................... 88
Neveneffecten benzodiazepines ............................................................................................... 90
Zwangerschap en borstvoeding ................................................................................................. 91
Flumazenil: een benzodiazepine antagonist ............................................................................... 92

Z-drugs ................................................................................................................... 92
Zolpidem en zopiclon ............................................................................................................... 92

Melatonine .............................................................................................................. 93
Synthese ................................................................................................................................. 93
Circadiane regulatie ................................................................................................................. 93
Werking ................................................................................................................................... 94
Neveneffecten, voorzorgen, interacties ...................................................................................... 94

Middelen op basis van planten ................................................................................. 95
Werking, neveneffecten, voorzorgen, interacties ........................................................................ 95

Diversen ................................................................................................................. 95
Effecten, neveneffecten, voorzorgen, interacties ........................................................................ 95

Slapeloosheid: kernboodschappen........................................................................... 95

H5: Antipsychotica ............................................................................................ 97
Psychotische stoornissen ........................................................................................ 97
DSM-5: “psychotic disorders” ................................................................................................... 97
Schizofrenie ............................................................................................................................. 97
Neurobiologische basis ............................................................................................................ 98

Klassieke antipsychotica ....................................................................................... 100
Overzicht ............................................................................................................................... 100
Therapeutische effecten en neveneffecten gebonden aan D2 antagonisme ............................... 101
Andere neveneffecten ............................................................................................................ 102
Medicatie .............................................................................................................................. 102

Atypische antipsychotica ....................................................................................... 103
Medicatie .............................................................................................................................. 105

Overzicht doeltreffendheid en neveneffecten .......................................................... 107
Algemene indicaties van antipsychotica.................................................................. 108


4

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
Algemene contra-indicaties antipsychotica ............................................................. 109
Antipsychotica bij zwangerschap en borstvoeding ................................................... 109
Antipsychotica interacties...................................................................................... 110

H6: Behandeling van Depressie........................................................................ 111
Majeure unipolaire depressie ................................................................................. 111
Neurobiologie van depressie .................................................................................. 111
De stress response: sympathisch en hypothalamisch .............................................................. 113
Centrale regulatie van de HPA-as ............................................................................................ 113
Chronische stress: cortisolresistentie en inflammatie .............................................................. 114
Chronische stress: inflammatie en neuronale adaptatie ........................................................... 114
Depressie: hypofrontaal, hyperlimbisch? ................................................................................. 115
Antidepressiva: regulatie van monoamines .............................................................................. 116
Antidepressiva: neuronale adaptatie ....................................................................................... 116

Behandeling van depressie ..................................................................................... 117
Antidepressiva ...................................................................................................... 117
Overzicht ............................................................................................................................... 117

Monoamine heropname remmers ........................................................................... 118
Werkingsmechanisme? .......................................................................................................... 121
Algemene indicaties ............................................................................................................... 122
Algemene indicaties ............................................................................................................... 122
Algemene richtlijnen .............................................................................................................. 122

Antidepressiva die inwerken op neuroreceptoren .................................................... 123
MAO inhibitoren..................................................................................................... 124
Serotonine syndroom............................................................................................. 125
Glutamaterge antidepressiva ................................................................................. 126
Sint-Janskruid ....................................................................................................... 127
Algemene plaatsbepaling antidepressiva ................................................................ 128
Zwangerschap ....................................................................................................... 129

H7: Angststoornissen ...................................................................................... 130
Overzicht .............................................................................................................. 130
DSM-5 ................................................................................................................................... 130

Neurobiologie ....................................................................................................... 131
Een overkoepelende theorie? .................................................................................................. 131
Angst extinctie ....................................................................................................................... 133
Rol van 5-HT & NA .................................................................................................................. 133

Behandeling .......................................................................................................... 134
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis (GAD) .................................................................................... 134
Sociale angststoornis (SAD) .................................................................................................... 135
Paniekstoornis (PD) ................................................................................................................ 135


5

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
Specifieke fobieën .................................................................................................................. 135
Obsessief compulsieve stoornis (OCD) ................................................................................... 136
Post-traumatische stressstoornis (PTSD/PTSS) ........................................................................ 136

H8: Bipolaire stoornis en Stemmingsstabilisatoren ........................................... 137
Overzicht .............................................................................................................. 137
DSM-5: bipolaire stoornis I ...................................................................................................... 137
DSM-5: bipolaire stoornis II ..................................................................................................... 137

Neurobiologie ....................................................................................................... 137
Etiologie ................................................................................................................................ 137
Circuit dysfunctie ................................................................................................................... 138

Behandeling .......................................................................................................... 139
Acute episoden ...................................................................................................................... 139
Lithiumzouten ........................................................................................................................ 140
Anti-epileptica/stemmingsregulatoren .................................................................................... 141
Antipsychotica ....................................................................................................................... 145

Verwerking ............................................................................................................ 145

H9: Dementie .................................................................................................. 146
Geneesmiddelen voor behandeling van cognitieve symptomen bij dementie ............. 146
DSM-5: Major neurocognitive disorder (=dementie) .................................................................. 146
Pathologie van de ziekte van Alzheimer .................................................................................... 146

Behandeling .......................................................................................................... 147
Cholinesterase inhibitoren ...................................................................................................... 147
Memantine ............................................................................................................................ 150
Ginkgo biloba Gestandardiseerd extract (EGb761) ................................................................... 151
Aducanumab (Aduhelm®) – Lecanemab (Leqembi®) ................................................................. 152

Key points ............................................................................................................. 152

H10: Psychedelica........................................................................................... 153
Psychedelica voor therapieresistente depressie: ketamine en psilocybine ................ 153
What’s in a name? .................................................................................................................. 153
Is er een duidelijke definitie? ................................................................................................... 153

Het meten van “mind manifestation” ...................................................................... 153
Hoe kunnen psychedelica de geest beïnvloeden? .................................................... 154
Same same, but different ....................................................................................... 154
Psychedelica voor depressie .................................................................................. 154
Twee case studies ................................................................................................. 155
Psychedelische behandelingen voor therapie-resistente depressie (TRD) .................................. 155

Ketamine voor TRD ................................................................................................ 155
Hoe veroorzaakt ketamine een psychedelische trip? ................................................................ 155
Wat is het mechanisme waardoor ketamine de symptomen van TRD kan verbeteren? ................ 156
Correleert het psychedelisch effect van ketamine met het therapeutisch effect in TRD? ............. 156



6

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
Psilocybine voor TRD ............................................................................................. 157
Hoe veroorzaakt psilocybine een psychedelische trip? ............................................................. 157
Wat is het mechanisme waardoor psilocybine de symptomen van TRD kan verbeteren? ............. 158
Correlatie tussen de psychedelische effecten en therapeutische effecten bij TRD? .................... 159

Some reflections and suggestions: ......................................................................... 159




7

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA

H1: Basisbegrippen
Anatomie van de hersenen & anatomische terminologie (herhaling)
→ Snijvlakken en oriëntatie in de hersenen

- Rostraal, caudaal
- Posterieur,
anterieur
- Coronaal:
Mediaal lateraal




Ontwikkeling van neurale buis tot
hersenen
→ Voor-, midden-, achterhersennen

- Komt uit ontwikkeling: embryo

→ Meten-, mesen-, diencephalon (thalamus,
hypothalamus, epithalamus), telencephalon (




8

,Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA

Cerebrum




→ Groeven/sulci

→ fisuren

→ Centrale sulcus

→ Groeven dienen voor: meer oppervlakte/hersenvolume

- Muizen en ratten hebben een ‘smooth brain’




→ Sulci en gyri: rol in evolutie naar grotere computationele capaciteit in zoogdieren?

- Hoe groter je hersenen, hoe groter je lichaam
- Geen predictie van intelligentie (= meer dan dat)
- Hersenvolume ≠ intelligentie
• Eerder: volume + aantal neuronen + …
— Metafoor van laptop




9

, Dimitri De Bundel 2024-2025
Damla Akgol 1MA
→ Frontale kwab

→ Pariëtale

→ Temporale

→ Insula




→ Rood: subcorticale structuren
(basale ganglia, globus pallidus, …)

→ Grijze stof (cellichamen)






→ De menselijke cerebrale cortex is
opgebouwd in zes verschillende lagen
(KANS IS KLEIN DAT HET EEN
EXAMENVRAAG IS):
I. Moleculaire laag
II. Externe granulaire laag
III. Externe pyramidale laag
IV. Interne granulaire laag
V. Interne pyramidale laag
VI. Multiforme laag




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Hey! dripdrop van PEdiscord VUB hier ;) Ik maak naast normale samenvattingen ook vaak SCHEMA samenvattingen om je een overzicht te geven over de leerstof. Deze zijn vaak genoeg als je de lessen zelf al goed eens hebt gevolgd/doorgelopen! Succes met je examen/academiejaar!!!

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