❖ Nouns: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, idea, or concept.
Nouns can be classified into various categories:
➢ Person: teacher, doctor, Sarah
➢ Place: school, park, London
➢ Thing: book, phone, car
➢ Idea/Concept: love, freedom, happiness
★ Plural Nouns: A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. To
make a noun plural, we usually add -s or -es to the end of the word. However, there are
exceptions to this rule.
Common Rules for Forming Plural Nouns:
1. Add -s to most nouns:
○ book → books
○ dog → dogs
2. Add -es to nouns that end in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z:
○ bus → buses
○ watch → watches
3. Change the -y to -ies for nouns ending in a consonant followed by -y:
○ city → cities
○ baby → babies (If the noun ends in a vowel followed by -y, just add -s:
boy → boys)
4. Change the ending of some irregular nouns:
○ child → children
○ man → men
○ tooth → teeth
★ Possessive Nouns: A possessive noun shows ownership or possession. To make a
noun possessive, we typically add 's to the end of the noun. However, the rules can vary
slightly depending on whether the noun is singular or plural.
Rules for Forming Possessive Nouns:
1. For singular nouns, add 's:
○ the boy’s bike (the bike belongs to the boy)
○ Sarah’s book (the book belongs to Sarah)
2. For plural nouns that already end in -s, just add an apostrophe (') at
the end:
○ the teachers’ room (the room belongs to the teachers)
○ the cars’ engines (the engines of the cars)
, 3. For irregular plural nouns that don’t end in -s, add 's:
○ the children’s toys (the toys belong to the children)
○ the men’s room (the room belongs to the men)
YT Video:
Types of Nouns in English with Examples | Nouns in English Grammar
Singular & Plural Possessive Nouns
❖ Pronouns: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.
Pronouns help avoid repetition and make sentences smoother. For example, instead of
saying "Sarah loves Sarah's dog," we use "Sarah loves her dog."
Types of Pronouns:
1. Antecedent: An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers to or replaces in a
sentence. The pronoun must match the antecedent in number (singular/plural)
and gender.
● Example:
➔ Sarah loves her dog.
➔ Micheal loves his mint
○ "Sarah" is the antecedent of the pronoun "her."
○ “Michael” is the antecedent of the pronoun “his”
2. Appositive: An appositive is a noun or pronoun that provides more information
about another noun or pronoun next to it. It renames or clarifies the noun it
follows.
● Example: My friend, John, is a great cook.
○ "John" is an appositive for "my friend."
3. Demonstrative: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people, places, or
things. The four main demonstrative pronouns are:
● This (singular, near)
● That (singular, far)
● These (plural, near)
● Those (plural, far)
Example:
➔ This is my book.
➔ Those are her shoes.
4. Reflexive Pronouns: Pronouns ending in "-self" or "-selves" that refer back to the
subject of the sentence.
, ○ Examples:
➔ The store owner baked herself a cake.
➔ She cut herself while working.
➔ She administered first aid to herself.
5. Intensive Pronouns: These pronouns emphasize the subject but are grammatically
non-essential to the sentence.
○ Examples:
➔ I made this cake myself.
➔ He himself admitted he cheated.
➔ The children cleaned the house themselves.
5. Interrogative: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions (5W’s). The
main interrogative pronouns are:
● Who (used for people)
● Whom (used for the object of a verb or preposition)
● Whose (shows possession)
● Which (asks about one or more choices)
● What (asks for information)
Example:
➔ Who is coming to the party?
➔ Whose book is this?
6. Negative: Negative pronouns are used to indicate the absence of people or
things. They include:
● No one
● Nobody
● Nothing
● None
Example:
➔ Nobody knows the answer.
➔ Nothing was found.
7. Personal: Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things. They change
form based on person (first, second, third), number (singular/plural), and
gender (male/female/neuter).
● First-person: I, we
● Second person: you
, ● Third person: he, she, it, they
Example:
➔ She is going to the store.
➔ They are playing soccer.
8. Objective: Objective pronouns are used as the object of a verb or preposition.
They receive the action of the verb.
● Objective pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Example:
➔ The teacher gave us homework.
➔ She talked to him.
9. Subjective (personal pronouns): Subjective pronouns are used as the subject
of the sentence. They perform the action of the verb.
● Subjective pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Example:
➔ He went to the park.
➔ We are reading a book.
YT Video:
THE 7 TYPES OF PRONOUNS | PARTS OF SPEECH | Good Morning Mr. D
Antecedent: Pronoun-antecedent agreement | Syntax | Khan Academy
❖ Subject-Verb Agreement
★ Subject-verb agreement means that the subject and the verb in a sentence must
match in number. This means:
○ Singular subjects take singular verbs.
○ Plural subjects take plural verbs.
○ The key to subject-verb agreement is to determine whether the subject is
singular or plural, and then use the correct form of the verb.
Basic Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement:
Nouns can be classified into various categories:
➢ Person: teacher, doctor, Sarah
➢ Place: school, park, London
➢ Thing: book, phone, car
➢ Idea/Concept: love, freedom, happiness
★ Plural Nouns: A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. To
make a noun plural, we usually add -s or -es to the end of the word. However, there are
exceptions to this rule.
Common Rules for Forming Plural Nouns:
1. Add -s to most nouns:
○ book → books
○ dog → dogs
2. Add -es to nouns that end in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z:
○ bus → buses
○ watch → watches
3. Change the -y to -ies for nouns ending in a consonant followed by -y:
○ city → cities
○ baby → babies (If the noun ends in a vowel followed by -y, just add -s:
boy → boys)
4. Change the ending of some irregular nouns:
○ child → children
○ man → men
○ tooth → teeth
★ Possessive Nouns: A possessive noun shows ownership or possession. To make a
noun possessive, we typically add 's to the end of the noun. However, the rules can vary
slightly depending on whether the noun is singular or plural.
Rules for Forming Possessive Nouns:
1. For singular nouns, add 's:
○ the boy’s bike (the bike belongs to the boy)
○ Sarah’s book (the book belongs to Sarah)
2. For plural nouns that already end in -s, just add an apostrophe (') at
the end:
○ the teachers’ room (the room belongs to the teachers)
○ the cars’ engines (the engines of the cars)
, 3. For irregular plural nouns that don’t end in -s, add 's:
○ the children’s toys (the toys belong to the children)
○ the men’s room (the room belongs to the men)
YT Video:
Types of Nouns in English with Examples | Nouns in English Grammar
Singular & Plural Possessive Nouns
❖ Pronouns: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.
Pronouns help avoid repetition and make sentences smoother. For example, instead of
saying "Sarah loves Sarah's dog," we use "Sarah loves her dog."
Types of Pronouns:
1. Antecedent: An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers to or replaces in a
sentence. The pronoun must match the antecedent in number (singular/plural)
and gender.
● Example:
➔ Sarah loves her dog.
➔ Micheal loves his mint
○ "Sarah" is the antecedent of the pronoun "her."
○ “Michael” is the antecedent of the pronoun “his”
2. Appositive: An appositive is a noun or pronoun that provides more information
about another noun or pronoun next to it. It renames or clarifies the noun it
follows.
● Example: My friend, John, is a great cook.
○ "John" is an appositive for "my friend."
3. Demonstrative: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people, places, or
things. The four main demonstrative pronouns are:
● This (singular, near)
● That (singular, far)
● These (plural, near)
● Those (plural, far)
Example:
➔ This is my book.
➔ Those are her shoes.
4. Reflexive Pronouns: Pronouns ending in "-self" or "-selves" that refer back to the
subject of the sentence.
, ○ Examples:
➔ The store owner baked herself a cake.
➔ She cut herself while working.
➔ She administered first aid to herself.
5. Intensive Pronouns: These pronouns emphasize the subject but are grammatically
non-essential to the sentence.
○ Examples:
➔ I made this cake myself.
➔ He himself admitted he cheated.
➔ The children cleaned the house themselves.
5. Interrogative: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions (5W’s). The
main interrogative pronouns are:
● Who (used for people)
● Whom (used for the object of a verb or preposition)
● Whose (shows possession)
● Which (asks about one or more choices)
● What (asks for information)
Example:
➔ Who is coming to the party?
➔ Whose book is this?
6. Negative: Negative pronouns are used to indicate the absence of people or
things. They include:
● No one
● Nobody
● Nothing
● None
Example:
➔ Nobody knows the answer.
➔ Nothing was found.
7. Personal: Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things. They change
form based on person (first, second, third), number (singular/plural), and
gender (male/female/neuter).
● First-person: I, we
● Second person: you
, ● Third person: he, she, it, they
Example:
➔ She is going to the store.
➔ They are playing soccer.
8. Objective: Objective pronouns are used as the object of a verb or preposition.
They receive the action of the verb.
● Objective pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Example:
➔ The teacher gave us homework.
➔ She talked to him.
9. Subjective (personal pronouns): Subjective pronouns are used as the subject
of the sentence. They perform the action of the verb.
● Subjective pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Example:
➔ He went to the park.
➔ We are reading a book.
YT Video:
THE 7 TYPES OF PRONOUNS | PARTS OF SPEECH | Good Morning Mr. D
Antecedent: Pronoun-antecedent agreement | Syntax | Khan Academy
❖ Subject-Verb Agreement
★ Subject-verb agreement means that the subject and the verb in a sentence must
match in number. This means:
○ Singular subjects take singular verbs.
○ Plural subjects take plural verbs.
○ The key to subject-verb agreement is to determine whether the subject is
singular or plural, and then use the correct form of the verb.
Basic Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement:
