BP 502 T. Industrial Pharmacy-I (Theory)
UNIT-II
Tablets:
a. Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation
of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems. Equipment’s and tablet
tooling.
b. Tablet coating: Types of coating, coating materials, formulation of coating composition,
methods of coating, equipment employed and defects in coating.
c. Quality control tests: In process and finished product tests
Liquid orals:
Formulation and manufacturing consideration of syrups and elixirs suspensions and emulsions;
Filling and packaging; evaluation of liquid orals official in pharmacopoeia.
Prepared By-
Dr Nabin Karna
Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics
The Pharmaceutical College Barpali
,Introduction-
• According to USP, Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing
medicaments with or without Excipients.
• According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or
biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of
drugs, with or without diluents
Advantages of tablet dosage form over other oral drug delivery systems
From patients stand point:
• They are easy to carry, easy to swallow and they are attractive in appearance.
• Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating and they do not require any
measurement of dose.
• Some of the tablets are divided into halves and quarters by drawing lines during
manufacturing to facilitate breakage whenever a fractional dose is required.
From the standpoint of manufacturer:
• An accurate amount of medicament, even if very small, can be incorporated.
• Tablets provide best combined properties of chemical, mechanical and microbiological
stability of all the oral dosage forms.
• Since they are generally produced on a large scale, therefore, their cost of production
is relatively low, hence economical.
• They are in general the easiest and cheapest to package and ship among all oral dosage
forms.
• Some specialized tablets may be prepared for modified release profile of the drug.
• Product identification is potentially the simplest and cheapest requiring no additional
processing steps when employing an embossed or monogrammed punch face.
Disadvantages of tablet dosage form
Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients.
Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties, optimum absorption high in GIT
may be difficult to formulate or manufacture as a tablet that will still provide adequate
or full drug bioavailability.
Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor or drugs that are sensitive to
oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best
and lowest cost.
Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low
density character.
Types of tablets-
(a) Tablets ingested orally:
• Compressed tablets
• Multiple compressed tablets
• Enteric coated tablets
• Sugar coated tablets
• Film coated tablets
• Chewable tablets
(b) Tablets used in the oral cavities:
, • Buccal Tablets
• Sublingual tablets
• Lozenges
• Dental cones
(c) Tablets administered by other routes:
• Implantation tablets
• Vaginal tablets
(d) Tablets used to prepare solutions:
• Effervescent tablets
• Dispensing tablets
• Hypodermic tablets
• Tablet triturates
(a) Tablets ingested orally-
(1) Compressed tablets:-
• These tablets are formed by compression and contain no special coating. They are made
from powdered, crystalline or granular materials, alone or in combination with suitable
excipients.
• These tablets contain water soluble drugs which after swallowing get disintegrated in
the stomach and its drug contents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and
distributed in the whole body. e.g. Aspirin (Dispirin) paracetamol tablets (Crocin).
(2) Multiple compressed tablets / Layered tablets-
• These are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle. Such tablets
are prepared by compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed
granulation. The operation may be repeated to produce multilayered tablets of two or
three layers.
• To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation except the incompatible
material are compressed into a tablet and then incompatible substance along with
necessary excipients are compressed over the previously compressed tablet.
, (3) Sustained action tablets:
These are the tablets which after oral administration release the drug at a desired time and
prolong the effect of the medicament. These tablets when taken orally release the medicament
in a sufficient quantity as and when required to maintain the maximum effective concentration
of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
e.g. Diclofenac SR tablets.
(4) Enteric coated tablets:
• These are compressed tablet meant for administration by swallowing and are designed
to by-pass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only.
• These tablets are coated with materials resistant to acidic pH (like cellulose acetate
phthalate, CAP) of the gastric fluid but get disintegrated in the alkaline pH of the
intestine.
(5) Sugar coated tablets:
• These are compressed tablets containing a sugar coating. Such coatings are done to
mask the bitter and unpleasant odour and the taste of the medicament. The sugar coating
makes the tablet elegant and it also safeguard the drug from atmospheric effects.
UNIT-II
Tablets:
a. Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation
of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems. Equipment’s and tablet
tooling.
b. Tablet coating: Types of coating, coating materials, formulation of coating composition,
methods of coating, equipment employed and defects in coating.
c. Quality control tests: In process and finished product tests
Liquid orals:
Formulation and manufacturing consideration of syrups and elixirs suspensions and emulsions;
Filling and packaging; evaluation of liquid orals official in pharmacopoeia.
Prepared By-
Dr Nabin Karna
Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics
The Pharmaceutical College Barpali
,Introduction-
• According to USP, Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing
medicaments with or without Excipients.
• According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or
biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of
drugs, with or without diluents
Advantages of tablet dosage form over other oral drug delivery systems
From patients stand point:
• They are easy to carry, easy to swallow and they are attractive in appearance.
• Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating and they do not require any
measurement of dose.
• Some of the tablets are divided into halves and quarters by drawing lines during
manufacturing to facilitate breakage whenever a fractional dose is required.
From the standpoint of manufacturer:
• An accurate amount of medicament, even if very small, can be incorporated.
• Tablets provide best combined properties of chemical, mechanical and microbiological
stability of all the oral dosage forms.
• Since they are generally produced on a large scale, therefore, their cost of production
is relatively low, hence economical.
• They are in general the easiest and cheapest to package and ship among all oral dosage
forms.
• Some specialized tablets may be prepared for modified release profile of the drug.
• Product identification is potentially the simplest and cheapest requiring no additional
processing steps when employing an embossed or monogrammed punch face.
Disadvantages of tablet dosage form
Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients.
Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties, optimum absorption high in GIT
may be difficult to formulate or manufacture as a tablet that will still provide adequate
or full drug bioavailability.
Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor or drugs that are sensitive to
oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best
and lowest cost.
Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low
density character.
Types of tablets-
(a) Tablets ingested orally:
• Compressed tablets
• Multiple compressed tablets
• Enteric coated tablets
• Sugar coated tablets
• Film coated tablets
• Chewable tablets
(b) Tablets used in the oral cavities:
, • Buccal Tablets
• Sublingual tablets
• Lozenges
• Dental cones
(c) Tablets administered by other routes:
• Implantation tablets
• Vaginal tablets
(d) Tablets used to prepare solutions:
• Effervescent tablets
• Dispensing tablets
• Hypodermic tablets
• Tablet triturates
(a) Tablets ingested orally-
(1) Compressed tablets:-
• These tablets are formed by compression and contain no special coating. They are made
from powdered, crystalline or granular materials, alone or in combination with suitable
excipients.
• These tablets contain water soluble drugs which after swallowing get disintegrated in
the stomach and its drug contents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and
distributed in the whole body. e.g. Aspirin (Dispirin) paracetamol tablets (Crocin).
(2) Multiple compressed tablets / Layered tablets-
• These are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle. Such tablets
are prepared by compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed
granulation. The operation may be repeated to produce multilayered tablets of two or
three layers.
• To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation except the incompatible
material are compressed into a tablet and then incompatible substance along with
necessary excipients are compressed over the previously compressed tablet.
, (3) Sustained action tablets:
These are the tablets which after oral administration release the drug at a desired time and
prolong the effect of the medicament. These tablets when taken orally release the medicament
in a sufficient quantity as and when required to maintain the maximum effective concentration
of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
e.g. Diclofenac SR tablets.
(4) Enteric coated tablets:
• These are compressed tablet meant for administration by swallowing and are designed
to by-pass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only.
• These tablets are coated with materials resistant to acidic pH (like cellulose acetate
phthalate, CAP) of the gastric fluid but get disintegrated in the alkaline pH of the
intestine.
(5) Sugar coated tablets:
• These are compressed tablets containing a sugar coating. Such coatings are done to
mask the bitter and unpleasant odour and the taste of the medicament. The sugar coating
makes the tablet elegant and it also safeguard the drug from atmospheric effects.
