By Originalpal
1
, By Originalpal
Contents
📓 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology ............................................. 3
📓 Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life ......................................................................................... 14
📓 Chapter 3: Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism................................................................... 25
📓 Chapter 4: The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane ................................................ 37
📓 Chapter 5: Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion ............................................................... 47
📓 Chapter 6: Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast ............................................................................. 58
📓 Chapter 7: Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment .................................................... 70
📓 Chapter 8: Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking .. 82
📓 Chapter 9: The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility ............................................................................. 94
📓 Chapter 10: The Nature of the Gene and the Genome............................................................... 107
📓 Chapter 11: The Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to Protein ........................................................... 117
📓 Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ..................................................................................... 128
📓 Chapter 13: DNA Replication and Repair .................................................................................... 139
📓 Chapter 14: Cell Division ............................................................................................................. 150
📓 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells ................. 161
📓 Chapter 16: Cancer...................................................................................................................... 172
📓 Chapter 17: The Immune Response ............................................................................................ 183
📓 Chapter 18: Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology............................................................... 191
2
, By Originalpal
📓 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology
1. Which of the following best describes the fundamental unit of life in
biological systems?
A) Organism
B) Organ
C) Cell
D) Tissue
✅ Correct Answer: C) Cell
📚 Rationale: The cell is the fundamental unit of life in all living organisms.
It serves as the smallest functional unit of structure and function in biology.
2. In terms of molecular biology, what is considered the central dogma of
molecular biology?
A) Proteins are synthesized from mRNA
B) DNA is replicated into RNA
C) Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
D) DNA directly synthesizes proteins
✅ Correct Answer: C) Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
📚 Rationale: The central dogma refers to the flow of genetic information in
a cell, from DNA to RNA, and then to protein. This process is essential for
gene expression.
3. Which technique is commonly used to separate proteins based on their
size and charge?
3
, By Originalpal
A) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) CRISPR
D) X-ray crystallography
✅ Correct Answer: B) Gel electrophoresis
📚 Rationale: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate biomolecules like DNA,
RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge by applying an electric
field.
4. What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?
A) Protein degradation
B) Protein synthesis
C) DNA replication
D) Lipid synthesis
✅ Correct Answer: B) Protein synthesis
📚 Rationale: Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for
synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino
acid sequences.
5. Which of the following molecules plays a central role in storing genetic
information in cells?
A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) tRNA
D) ATP
✅ Correct Answer: B) DNA
4
1
, By Originalpal
Contents
📓 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology ............................................. 3
📓 Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life ......................................................................................... 14
📓 Chapter 3: Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism................................................................... 25
📓 Chapter 4: The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane ................................................ 37
📓 Chapter 5: Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion ............................................................... 47
📓 Chapter 6: Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast ............................................................................. 58
📓 Chapter 7: Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment .................................................... 70
📓 Chapter 8: Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking .. 82
📓 Chapter 9: The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility ............................................................................. 94
📓 Chapter 10: The Nature of the Gene and the Genome............................................................... 107
📓 Chapter 11: The Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to Protein ........................................................... 117
📓 Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ..................................................................................... 128
📓 Chapter 13: DNA Replication and Repair .................................................................................... 139
📓 Chapter 14: Cell Division ............................................................................................................. 150
📓 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells ................. 161
📓 Chapter 16: Cancer...................................................................................................................... 172
📓 Chapter 17: The Immune Response ............................................................................................ 183
📓 Chapter 18: Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology............................................................... 191
2
, By Originalpal
📓 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology
1. Which of the following best describes the fundamental unit of life in
biological systems?
A) Organism
B) Organ
C) Cell
D) Tissue
✅ Correct Answer: C) Cell
📚 Rationale: The cell is the fundamental unit of life in all living organisms.
It serves as the smallest functional unit of structure and function in biology.
2. In terms of molecular biology, what is considered the central dogma of
molecular biology?
A) Proteins are synthesized from mRNA
B) DNA is replicated into RNA
C) Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
D) DNA directly synthesizes proteins
✅ Correct Answer: C) Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
📚 Rationale: The central dogma refers to the flow of genetic information in
a cell, from DNA to RNA, and then to protein. This process is essential for
gene expression.
3. Which technique is commonly used to separate proteins based on their
size and charge?
3
, By Originalpal
A) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) CRISPR
D) X-ray crystallography
✅ Correct Answer: B) Gel electrophoresis
📚 Rationale: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate biomolecules like DNA,
RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge by applying an electric
field.
4. What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?
A) Protein degradation
B) Protein synthesis
C) DNA replication
D) Lipid synthesis
✅ Correct Answer: B) Protein synthesis
📚 Rationale: Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for
synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino
acid sequences.
5. Which of the following molecules plays a central role in storing genetic
information in cells?
A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) tRNA
D) ATP
✅ Correct Answer: B) DNA
4
