Lecture 1 intro
Learning Outcomes of introduction studies:
After lecture these are the major concepts your should understand
Know all of the course policies, be sure to read the syllabus
Be able to understand and use anatomical terms
Understand the role of blood on tying together organ systems
Understand the major role of each organ system that we ill cover this
semester
Know what homeostasis is and why it is so important
Be able to compare negative and positive feedback loops
Metacognition
Means thinking about thinking
o Want to ask questions
o What college is about (not just memorizing but
need basic foundations of knowledge)
Bloom’s taxonomy
Talks about how we think
Lowest level of thinking is remembering – understand – apply – analyze –
evaluate – create (highest level of thinking)
A lot of metacognition at the higher levels
o So; a lot of understanding
What to review from BSCI201
Chapters 1-4 of your text
Orientation of the human body, anatomical terms (ch 1)
Basic chemistry and pH (ch 2)
Cell structures and cellular organelles (ch 3)
Tissue types and tissue structures (ch 3)
Body membranes (ch 4)
The nervous system: neurons, neurotransmitters, resting and action potentials,
neuromuscular junction
The endocrine system: hormones and endocrine glands
Muscles: both the physiology and anatomy, sliding filament theory
Osmosis
Mitosis/meiosis
Review the Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandings
Exact terms are used for
, o Position
o directions
o Regions
o Structures
Anatomy and physiology
Lecture and lab will both cover anatomy and physiology
Anatomy the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology the study of how the body and how its parts work or function on a
microscopic and macroscopic level
o Microscopic is tiny
o Macroscopic can be seen with the naked eye
‘’form follows function’’ the shape of something dictates function
o Change in shape changes/alters function
o So; form always follows function
Levels of organization
Cells are the smallest living unit
Tissues are a collection of cells of same type
Organs are a collection of two or more types of tissues put together into structures
that perform a specific function
Organ systems are a collection of organs that work together to accomplish a
particular task
The only words that we are allowed to use:
Blood: Ties Together All of the Organ Systems
There is an interrelationship among body systems to maintain homeostasis
Air in the lungs, food in the GI tract, fluid in the renal tubules is not “in” the
body, must FIRST enter the blood stream or interstitial fluid to be in the body
o So digestive system is not in the body until it enters the blood
o Same for air in the lungs
Substances must be in the cells, blood, lymph, CSF, or interstitial fluid to
considered in the body
Immune and Lymphatic Systems (both organ systems)
, Interstitial fluid forms from blood plasma, then returns this fluid to blood vessels
Cleanses this fluid to protect the body from pathogens
Performs “housekeeping”
Cardiovascular System
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
o Oxygen
o carbon dioxide
o nutrients
o wastes
o hormones
o ions
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with O2 for cellular respiration to generate ATP
Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
Maintains blood plasma pH at 7.4
Urinary System
Eliminates metabolic wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Maintains the other/right side of the equation
Reproductive System
Produces offspring
Not required for homeostasis, but can affect it
Digestive System
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Essential for survival
Homeostasis
Is A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable internal environment
compatible for life, a steady state
o stable body temperature 37o C
o maintain blood plasma pH 7.4
o maintain blood pressure/blood volume (varies measured in mmHg)
o maintain water balance/osmolarity 300mOsm/L
, o stable blood sugar levels 100mg/dl
o body weight (varies measured in kg)
o maintain blood plasma CO2 [40 mmHg] and O2 levels [100 mmHg]
Most organ systems needed to maintain homeostasis except for the reproductive
system (don’t need babies to survive)
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is used for the maintenance of a stable internal environment: a
dynamic state of equilibrium (steady state)
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease if
not corrected (affect other systems that require homeostasis)
Maintaining Homeostasis Through Neural (nervous system) and Hormonal (endocrine
system) Control Systems
Receptor (a sensor) responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
o sends information to control center (usually brain)
o detects the level of regulated variable, provides input to integrating center
Control center/ integrating center
o determines set point (usually in the brain) and analyzes information
o compares set point to actual level of regulated variable and sends output to
effectors to return regulated variable toward set point
o determines appropriate response
Effector provides a means for response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis
Primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis (is doing the opposite)
Body’s response the original stimulus is to offset it so that it is within normal
physiological set points
o When the stimulus increases/decreases their receptors will allow for the
opposite to occur
- Allow for a reduction/decrease of the output to bring the system
back to a stable state
Change triggers change in a regulated variable in internal environment this
triggers a reaction to oppose the detected change and return regulated variable
toward normal parameters (set point)
Ex. when blood levels drop below normal the chemoreceptors will sense this and
causing the kidneys to release erythropoietin which will stimulate the red bone
marrow to increase oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Learning Outcomes of introduction studies:
After lecture these are the major concepts your should understand
Know all of the course policies, be sure to read the syllabus
Be able to understand and use anatomical terms
Understand the role of blood on tying together organ systems
Understand the major role of each organ system that we ill cover this
semester
Know what homeostasis is and why it is so important
Be able to compare negative and positive feedback loops
Metacognition
Means thinking about thinking
o Want to ask questions
o What college is about (not just memorizing but
need basic foundations of knowledge)
Bloom’s taxonomy
Talks about how we think
Lowest level of thinking is remembering – understand – apply – analyze –
evaluate – create (highest level of thinking)
A lot of metacognition at the higher levels
o So; a lot of understanding
What to review from BSCI201
Chapters 1-4 of your text
Orientation of the human body, anatomical terms (ch 1)
Basic chemistry and pH (ch 2)
Cell structures and cellular organelles (ch 3)
Tissue types and tissue structures (ch 3)
Body membranes (ch 4)
The nervous system: neurons, neurotransmitters, resting and action potentials,
neuromuscular junction
The endocrine system: hormones and endocrine glands
Muscles: both the physiology and anatomy, sliding filament theory
Osmosis
Mitosis/meiosis
Review the Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandings
Exact terms are used for
, o Position
o directions
o Regions
o Structures
Anatomy and physiology
Lecture and lab will both cover anatomy and physiology
Anatomy the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology the study of how the body and how its parts work or function on a
microscopic and macroscopic level
o Microscopic is tiny
o Macroscopic can be seen with the naked eye
‘’form follows function’’ the shape of something dictates function
o Change in shape changes/alters function
o So; form always follows function
Levels of organization
Cells are the smallest living unit
Tissues are a collection of cells of same type
Organs are a collection of two or more types of tissues put together into structures
that perform a specific function
Organ systems are a collection of organs that work together to accomplish a
particular task
The only words that we are allowed to use:
Blood: Ties Together All of the Organ Systems
There is an interrelationship among body systems to maintain homeostasis
Air in the lungs, food in the GI tract, fluid in the renal tubules is not “in” the
body, must FIRST enter the blood stream or interstitial fluid to be in the body
o So digestive system is not in the body until it enters the blood
o Same for air in the lungs
Substances must be in the cells, blood, lymph, CSF, or interstitial fluid to
considered in the body
Immune and Lymphatic Systems (both organ systems)
, Interstitial fluid forms from blood plasma, then returns this fluid to blood vessels
Cleanses this fluid to protect the body from pathogens
Performs “housekeeping”
Cardiovascular System
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
o Oxygen
o carbon dioxide
o nutrients
o wastes
o hormones
o ions
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with O2 for cellular respiration to generate ATP
Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
Maintains blood plasma pH at 7.4
Urinary System
Eliminates metabolic wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Maintains the other/right side of the equation
Reproductive System
Produces offspring
Not required for homeostasis, but can affect it
Digestive System
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Essential for survival
Homeostasis
Is A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable internal environment
compatible for life, a steady state
o stable body temperature 37o C
o maintain blood plasma pH 7.4
o maintain blood pressure/blood volume (varies measured in mmHg)
o maintain water balance/osmolarity 300mOsm/L
, o stable blood sugar levels 100mg/dl
o body weight (varies measured in kg)
o maintain blood plasma CO2 [40 mmHg] and O2 levels [100 mmHg]
Most organ systems needed to maintain homeostasis except for the reproductive
system (don’t need babies to survive)
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is used for the maintenance of a stable internal environment: a
dynamic state of equilibrium (steady state)
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease if
not corrected (affect other systems that require homeostasis)
Maintaining Homeostasis Through Neural (nervous system) and Hormonal (endocrine
system) Control Systems
Receptor (a sensor) responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
o sends information to control center (usually brain)
o detects the level of regulated variable, provides input to integrating center
Control center/ integrating center
o determines set point (usually in the brain) and analyzes information
o compares set point to actual level of regulated variable and sends output to
effectors to return regulated variable toward set point
o determines appropriate response
Effector provides a means for response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis
Primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis (is doing the opposite)
Body’s response the original stimulus is to offset it so that it is within normal
physiological set points
o When the stimulus increases/decreases their receptors will allow for the
opposite to occur
- Allow for a reduction/decrease of the output to bring the system
back to a stable state
Change triggers change in a regulated variable in internal environment this
triggers a reaction to oppose the detected change and return regulated variable
toward normal parameters (set point)
Ex. when blood levels drop below normal the chemoreceptors will sense this and
causing the kidneys to release erythropoietin which will stimulate the red bone
marrow to increase oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
