Summary BSCI 202 Exam 1 Review

 Anatomy- Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
 Physiology- Study of HOW body and parts work/function (both micro and macro level)
o Cells- Smallest living unit
o Tissues- Collection of same type of cells
o Organs- Collection of 2 or more types of cells which perform specific function
o Organ systems- Collection of organs working together to accomplish a task

 Blood- Ties together all organ systems
o Air in lungs, food in GI, fluid in renal tubules are not in the body.
 Must enter blood stream, be in cells, lymph or interstitial fluid to be “in”
the body
 Immune/Lymphatic- Forms interstitial fluid. Cleanses fluid to protect from pathogens.
Performs housekeeping.
o Biggest single factor in diversity

 Homeostasis (Steady State: Dynamic state of equlibrium)- Maintaining stable internal
environment to stay alive
o 37 degress C, blood plasma 7.4 pH, also maintains things like water, sugar levels,
weight, and blood pressure.
o Reproductive system only one not needed for homeostasis
o Homeostatic imbalance- Disturbance in homeostasis causing disease
o Can be external or internal i.e. hot outside or working out causing sweat
 Negative feedback is the main guy working
 Neural and hormone control of homeostasis
o Receptor (sensors) responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
o Control center- Analyzes info. Determines appropriate response and sends output
to effectors.
 Effectors are the means for response to the stimulus
o 1. Stimulus causes imbalance, 2. Receptor detects the imbalance, 3. Input-
Information sent to control center through afferent path, 4. Output-info sent to
effector (any muscle, gland, or organ) through efferent path 5. Response of
effector to maintain homeostasis

 Negative Feedback Control
o Main way to control homeostasis
o Cancels out original stimulus
o The body is opposing the stimulus i.e. if body gets hot, sweat released to cool
down body.
 Trying to return to normal parameters known as SET POINT

 Positive Feedback Loop
o Uncommon

, o Increases the original stimulus, pushing variable further
 The increased response ends only when the stimulus ends (done by outside
factor)
 Example: Female produces oxytocin during child birth to cause uterine
contractions. The positive feedback stimulates uterine contractions as long
as baby is in the birth canal to make sure baby gets out.
o Angiogenesis- Formation of new blood vessels
o Heart attack results in heart tissue dying. Remaining muscle pumps harder to
compensate (increased heart rate). Working harder means need more oxygen.
Heart pumps harder to increase own demand for oxygen. Working harder causes
the muscle tissue of the heart to grow (more mass means need more oxygen).
Back to working harder for oxygen demands.


Lecture 2 Blood
 Blood- Only fluid tissue of body. Considered connective tissue because comes from bone
marrow. Vehicle of transport. Red due to hemoglobin, dull red if low oxygen. pH=7.4.
Blood transfers heat so slightly warmer than body (38 C)
o The 2 components of Blood
 Living Cells- Formed Elements
 Erythrocytes- Red blood cells transporting oxygen and CO2
 Leukocytes- White blood cells defending against pathogens: in
order of most to least abundant (never let monkeys eat bananas)
o Neutrophils
o Lymphocytes
o Monocytes
o Eosinophils
o Basophils
 Platelets- Cell fragments of megakaryocytes used to clot blood
 Non-Living matrix- Plasma
 The fluid and solutes
o Water, ions, organic molecules, vitamins, gases
 Centrifuge blood to separate densities
 Hematocrit- Percent of erythrocytes (RBC)
o 45% of blood
 Buffy coat- Contains leukocytes and platelets
o Less than 1 % of blood, Whitish layer in the middle.
o Greater amount if there is an infection, leukemia aka blood cancer, anemia aka
lack of blood
 Plasma- Top layer. 55% of blood.

, o Kwashiorkor (extreme starvation)- Stomach is bulging out. The body uses
proteins of body to survive which causes blood to be watery, this watery blood
causes swelling.
 Blood plasma is 90% water (A lot of this seems like extra info)
o 6-8% proteins which increases osmotic pressure, acts as buffer, provide fuel
o Classes of plasma proteins
 Albumins- Carriers
 Globulins- Carriers, clotting factor, protein angiotensinogen,
immunoglobulins
 Fibrogen- Blood clotting
o Nutrients- Glucose, amino acids, lipids
o Wastes- Urea, creatinine
o Gases- Oxygen and CO2
o Hormones
o Electrolytes
 High Na and Cl. Low H, HCO3, K, and Ca

 Buffered Ringer’s Solution
o Solution of distilled water and electrolytes (same concentration as body)
o Iso-osmotic to blood and tissue (iso means same). Need about 300 mOsm/L.
o If given low amounts, the people will swell up because of the hypotonic solution
(the high water concentration moves to low concentration of water in blood).
Need to pee it out (those with kidney failure die cause can’t pee)
 Given high amounts would cause hypertonic blood
 Osmosis- Water (the solvent) diffuses down the concentration gradient
o Water moves from high solvent to low solvent
o Water moves from low solute to high solute
 If low solvent (water) then the water will shift there cause it’s roomy
 If high solute (electrolytes) then the water will shift there cause it’s roomy
o Pure water=0 solute

 Blood plasma continued
o Acidosis- Acidic blood, less than 7.35 pH
 Due to CO2 dissolving in blood plasma to form carbonic acid
o Alkalosis- Basic blood, greater than 7.45
o Kidney restores pH
o Base accepts hydrogen
 Strong dissociates and ties up H+
 Weak (bicarbonate and ammonia) slower to accept H
o Acid donates hydrogen
 Strong dissociates completely losing all H+
 Weak (carbonic acid) dissociate partially