TEST BANK
,Porth’s Pathophysiology 10th Edition Norris Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions focused
on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the following comments
made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements would be considered a
good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book
reviews and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care
facilities
C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with
diabetes mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking
classes
D) Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis
sessions
E) Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Engaging in
book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate
physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating
physical well-being even though the person has a chronic disease. Handwashing is vital
in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the large
variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is
referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects discussed, which
would be considered a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American
descent and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many
health care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good access to
health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high cholesterol levels
, within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the “attaining lives
free of preventable disease and premature death” determinant.
3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease.
Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of
packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from
familial hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen
therapy and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and
is HIV positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle
cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the
effects of abnormal molecules.
4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a
number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following
aspects of clients' situations bN
esUt R
chSaI
raNctGerTizBe.
s pCaOt hMo gen es is rather than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident
Ans: B
Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the
increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has
arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of
the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the patient
verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery
disease?
A) “All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
B) “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like
French fries every day.”
C) “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it
easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
D) “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins
causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack.”
Ans: C
, Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the
pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process from
a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery disease.
Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and lack of
exercise.
6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the
client for the first time. WhichNU
o fRthSeIfN
olGloTwBin.gCaO
spMects of the patient's current state of
health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields
bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute.
Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem,
such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds,
and respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a disease
oroutcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due
to intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an
antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease
Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson
disease progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal
progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a
patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represenNtsUtRheStIe sNt Gr eTsuBl .
t s Ct hOa Mt fal within the bel curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
, disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very
sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the disease
has been ruled out or excluded.
9. The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness
of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is purported to
indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of patients who
have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3% of patients
who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which
of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability
Ans: B
Feedback:
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
10. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens' center are
having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which of the
following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive value but a low
negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levelNs U alR
soSdIeN
veGloTpBe.
d Cp rOo sMt a t e cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had
high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
Ans: A
Feedback:
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity.
11. A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia. While
there,he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on more
than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C virus.
Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his usual
, activities. qDuring qthis qperiod qof qno qoutward qsymptoms, qthe qman qwould qbe
qclassified qas qbeing qin
A) the qpreclinical qstage qof qdisease.
B) remission qand qunlikely qto qdevelop qhepatitis qC.
C) the qclinical qdisease qstage qof qhepatitis qC.
D) the qchronic qphase qof
qhepatitis qC. qAns: qA
Feedback:
During qthe qpreclinical qstage, qthe qdisease qis qnot qclinically qevident qbut qis
qdestined qto qprogress qto qclinical qdisease.
12. As qof qNovember q1, q2012, qthere qwere qa qtotal qof q10 qconfirmed qcases qof
qHantavirus qinfection qin qpeople qwho qwere qrecent q visitors q(mid-June qto qend
qof qAugust, q2012) qto qYosemite qNational qPark. qThree qvisitors qwith qconfirmed
qcases qdied. qHealth qofficials qbelieve qthat q9 qout qof qthe q10 qpeople qwith
qHantavirus qwere qexposed qwhile qstaying qin qCurry qVillage qin qthe qSignature
qTent qCabins. qThis qis qan qexample qof
A) what qthe qanticipated qmortality qrate qwould qbe qif qa qfamily qof qfive qwere
qplanning qto qvacation qin qYosemite qNational q Park.
B) the qprevalence qof qHantaNvU iruRsSoInN
e qG
caTnBa.
ntC
icO
ipMate qif qhe qor qshe qis qgoing qto
qvacation qin qYosemite qNational qPark.
C) the qlow qrate qof qmorbidity qone qcan qexpect qwhile qtraveling qto
qYosemite qNational qPark.
D) the qincidence qof qpeople qwho qare qat qrisk qfor qdeveloping qHantavirus qwhile
qstaying qin qYosemite qNational qPark.
Ans: qD
Feedback:
The qincidence qreflects qthe qnumber qof qnew qcases qarising qin qa qpopulation qat qrisk
qduring qa qspecified qtime.
13. A q particular qdisease qhas qa qdebilitating qeffect qon qthe qability qof qsufferers qto
qperform qtheir qactivities qof qdaily qliving qand qis qa qsignificant qcause qof
qdecreased qquality qof qlife. qHowever, qfew qpeople qdie qas qa qresult qof qthe
qdisease's qdirect qeffects. qThere qare qhundreds qof qthousands qof qAmericans qliving
qwith qthe qdisease qbut qrelatively qfew qnew qcases qin qrecent qyears. qWhich qof qthe
qfollowing qstatements qbest qconveys qan qaccurate qepidemiological qcharacterization
qof qthe qdisease?
A) Low qmortality; qhigh qmorbidity; qlow qprevalence; qhigh qincidence
B) Low qmortality; qhigh qmorbidity; qhigh qincidence; qlow qprevalence
C) High qmortality; qlow qmorbidity; qhigh qincidence; qlow qprevalence
D) High qmorbidity; qlow qmortality; qhigh qprevalence, qlow
qincidence qAns: qD
Feedback:
Morbidity qis qassociated qwith qquality qof qlife, qwhile qmortality qis qindicative qof
qcausation qof qdeath. qIn qthis qcase, qmorbidity qis qhigh qand qmortality qis qlow.
qPrevalence qrefers qto qthe qnumber qof qcases qpresent qin qa qpopulation, qwhile
qincidence qrefers qto qthe qnumber qof qnew qcases. qIn qthis qcase, qprevalence qis
qhigh, qwhile qincidence qis qlow.
, 14. An qepidemiologist qis qconducting qa qprogram qof qresearch qaimed qat qidentifying
qfactors qassociated qwith qincidence qand qprevalence qof qcongenital qcardiac
qdefects qin qinfants. qThe qresearcher qhas qrecruited qa qlarge qnumber qof qmothers
qwhose qinfants qwere qborn qwith qcardiac qdefects qas qwell qas qmothers qwhose
qinfants qwere qborn qwith qhealthy qhearts. qThe qresearcher qis qcomparing qthe
qnutritional qhabits qof qall qthe qmothers qwhile qtheir qbabies qwere qin qutero. qWhich
qof qthe qfo ql qlo qw qiNn Ug qR
tySpeIsNoG
f qT
stB
ud.yCisOtM
he qepidemiologist qmost qlikely
qconducting?
A) Cohort qstudy
B) Cross-sectional qstudy
C) Case–control qstudy
D) Risk qfactor
qstudy qAns: qC
Feedback:
In qthis qstudy, qthe qmothers qwith qcardiac-affected qbabies qwould qbe qthe qcase
qgroup, qwhile qthe qmothers qof qhealthy qinfants qwould qserve qas qa qcontrol. qThis
qstudy qdoes qnot qpossess qthe qcharacteristics qof qa qcohort qor qcross-sectional
qstudy, qand qrisk q factor qstudy qis qnot qan qexisting q methodology.
15. A q nurse qpractitioner qis qworking qin qa qcrowded qneighborhood qwhere qthe
qpopulation qis qprimarily qimmigrants qfrom qChina. qThe qnurse q has qdesigned qa
qresearch qstudy qto qfollow qchildren qfrom qkindergarten qto qthe qage qof q25. qShe
qis qgoing qto qbe q looking qat qtheir qdiet, qsuccessful qprogression qin qschool,
qhealth qpractices, qand qdevelopment qof qdisease, qto qname qa qfew qitems. qThis
qtype qof qresearch qis qknown qas
A) cohort qstudy.
B) cross-sectional qstudy.
C) case–control qstudy.
D) epidemiological
qstudy. qAns: qA
Feedback:
In qthis qcohort qstudy, qa qgroup qof qpeople qwho qwere qborn qat qapproximately qthe
qsame qtime qor qshare qsome qcharacteristics qof qinterest qis qthe q focus qof qthe
qresearch. qThis qstudy qdoes qnot qpossess qthe qcharacteristics qof qa qcase–control
qor qcross-sectional qstudy, qand qepidemiological qstudy qis qnot qan qexisting
qmethodology.
16. As qpart qof qa qcommunity qclass, qstudent qnurses qare qdeveloping qa qclass qto
qteach qexpectant qparents qthe qimportance qof qhaving qtheir qchild qproperly
qsecured qin qa qchild qsafety qseat. qDuring qthe qclass, qthe qstudents qare qgoing
qto qhave qa qsafety qofficer qexamine qthe qcar qseats qthat qthe qparents qhave
qinstalled qin qtheir qvehicles. qThis qis qan qexample qof qwhich qtype qof
qprevention?
A) Primary qprevention
B) Secondary qprevention
C) Tertiary qprevention
D) Prognosis
qenhancement qAns: qA
Feedback:
Primary qprevention qis qdirected qat qkeeping qdisease qfrom qoccurring qby
qremoving qrisk qfactors. qSome qprimary qprevention qis qmandated qby qlaw, qlike
qchild qsafety qseats. qSecondary
,Porth’s Pathophysiology 10th Edition Norris Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions focused
on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the following comments
made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements would be considered a
good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book
reviews and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care
facilities
C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with
diabetes mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking
classes
D) Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis
sessions
E) Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Engaging in
book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate
physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating
physical well-being even though the person has a chronic disease. Handwashing is vital
in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the large
variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is
referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects discussed, which
would be considered a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American
descent and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many
health care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good access to
health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high cholesterol levels
, within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the “attaining lives
free of preventable disease and premature death” determinant.
3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease.
Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of
packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from
familial hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen
therapy and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and
is HIV positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle
cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the
effects of abnormal molecules.
4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a
number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following
aspects of clients' situations bN
esUt R
chSaI
raNctGerTizBe.
s pCaOt hMo gen es is rather than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident
Ans: B
Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the
increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has
arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of
the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the patient
verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery
disease?
A) “All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
B) “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like
French fries every day.”
C) “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it
easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
D) “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins
causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack.”
Ans: C
, Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the
pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process from
a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery disease.
Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and lack of
exercise.
6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the
client for the first time. WhichNU
o fRthSeIfN
olGloTwBin.gCaO
spMects of the patient's current state of
health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields
bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute.
Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem,
such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds,
and respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a disease
oroutcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due
to intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an
antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease
Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson
disease progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal
progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a
patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represenNtsUtRheStIe sNt Gr eTsuBl .
t s Ct hOa Mt fal within the bel curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
, disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very
sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the disease
has been ruled out or excluded.
9. The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness
of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is purported to
indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of patients who
have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3% of patients
who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which
of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability
Ans: B
Feedback:
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
10. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens' center are
having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which of the
following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive value but a low
negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levelNs U alR
soSdIeN
veGloTpBe.
d Cp rOo sMt a t e cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had
high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
Ans: A
Feedback:
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity.
11. A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia. While
there,he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on more
than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C virus.
Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his usual
, activities. qDuring qthis qperiod qof qno qoutward qsymptoms, qthe qman qwould qbe
qclassified qas qbeing qin
A) the qpreclinical qstage qof qdisease.
B) remission qand qunlikely qto qdevelop qhepatitis qC.
C) the qclinical qdisease qstage qof qhepatitis qC.
D) the qchronic qphase qof
qhepatitis qC. qAns: qA
Feedback:
During qthe qpreclinical qstage, qthe qdisease qis qnot qclinically qevident qbut qis
qdestined qto qprogress qto qclinical qdisease.
12. As qof qNovember q1, q2012, qthere qwere qa qtotal qof q10 qconfirmed qcases qof
qHantavirus qinfection qin qpeople qwho qwere qrecent q visitors q(mid-June qto qend
qof qAugust, q2012) qto qYosemite qNational qPark. qThree qvisitors qwith qconfirmed
qcases qdied. qHealth qofficials qbelieve qthat q9 qout qof qthe q10 qpeople qwith
qHantavirus qwere qexposed qwhile qstaying qin qCurry qVillage qin qthe qSignature
qTent qCabins. qThis qis qan qexample qof
A) what qthe qanticipated qmortality qrate qwould qbe qif qa qfamily qof qfive qwere
qplanning qto qvacation qin qYosemite qNational q Park.
B) the qprevalence qof qHantaNvU iruRsSoInN
e qG
caTnBa.
ntC
icO
ipMate qif qhe qor qshe qis qgoing qto
qvacation qin qYosemite qNational qPark.
C) the qlow qrate qof qmorbidity qone qcan qexpect qwhile qtraveling qto
qYosemite qNational qPark.
D) the qincidence qof qpeople qwho qare qat qrisk qfor qdeveloping qHantavirus qwhile
qstaying qin qYosemite qNational qPark.
Ans: qD
Feedback:
The qincidence qreflects qthe qnumber qof qnew qcases qarising qin qa qpopulation qat qrisk
qduring qa qspecified qtime.
13. A q particular qdisease qhas qa qdebilitating qeffect qon qthe qability qof qsufferers qto
qperform qtheir qactivities qof qdaily qliving qand qis qa qsignificant qcause qof
qdecreased qquality qof qlife. qHowever, qfew qpeople qdie qas qa qresult qof qthe
qdisease's qdirect qeffects. qThere qare qhundreds qof qthousands qof qAmericans qliving
qwith qthe qdisease qbut qrelatively qfew qnew qcases qin qrecent qyears. qWhich qof qthe
qfollowing qstatements qbest qconveys qan qaccurate qepidemiological qcharacterization
qof qthe qdisease?
A) Low qmortality; qhigh qmorbidity; qlow qprevalence; qhigh qincidence
B) Low qmortality; qhigh qmorbidity; qhigh qincidence; qlow qprevalence
C) High qmortality; qlow qmorbidity; qhigh qincidence; qlow qprevalence
D) High qmorbidity; qlow qmortality; qhigh qprevalence, qlow
qincidence qAns: qD
Feedback:
Morbidity qis qassociated qwith qquality qof qlife, qwhile qmortality qis qindicative qof
qcausation qof qdeath. qIn qthis qcase, qmorbidity qis qhigh qand qmortality qis qlow.
qPrevalence qrefers qto qthe qnumber qof qcases qpresent qin qa qpopulation, qwhile
qincidence qrefers qto qthe qnumber qof qnew qcases. qIn qthis qcase, qprevalence qis
qhigh, qwhile qincidence qis qlow.
, 14. An qepidemiologist qis qconducting qa qprogram qof qresearch qaimed qat qidentifying
qfactors qassociated qwith qincidence qand qprevalence qof qcongenital qcardiac
qdefects qin qinfants. qThe qresearcher qhas qrecruited qa qlarge qnumber qof qmothers
qwhose qinfants qwere qborn qwith qcardiac qdefects qas qwell qas qmothers qwhose
qinfants qwere qborn qwith qhealthy qhearts. qThe qresearcher qis qcomparing qthe
qnutritional qhabits qof qall qthe qmothers qwhile qtheir qbabies qwere qin qutero. qWhich
qof qthe qfo ql qlo qw qiNn Ug qR
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he qepidemiologist qmost qlikely
qconducting?
A) Cohort qstudy
B) Cross-sectional qstudy
C) Case–control qstudy
D) Risk qfactor
qstudy qAns: qC
Feedback:
In qthis qstudy, qthe qmothers qwith qcardiac-affected qbabies qwould qbe qthe qcase
qgroup, qwhile qthe qmothers qof qhealthy qinfants qwould qserve qas qa qcontrol. qThis
qstudy qdoes qnot qpossess qthe qcharacteristics qof qa qcohort qor qcross-sectional
qstudy, qand qrisk q factor qstudy qis qnot qan qexisting q methodology.
15. A q nurse qpractitioner qis qworking qin qa qcrowded qneighborhood qwhere qthe
qpopulation qis qprimarily qimmigrants qfrom qChina. qThe qnurse q has qdesigned qa
qresearch qstudy qto qfollow qchildren qfrom qkindergarten qto qthe qage qof q25. qShe
qis qgoing qto qbe q looking qat qtheir qdiet, qsuccessful qprogression qin qschool,
qhealth qpractices, qand qdevelopment qof qdisease, qto qname qa qfew qitems. qThis
qtype qof qresearch qis qknown qas
A) cohort qstudy.
B) cross-sectional qstudy.
C) case–control qstudy.
D) epidemiological
qstudy. qAns: qA
Feedback:
In qthis qcohort qstudy, qa qgroup qof qpeople qwho qwere qborn qat qapproximately qthe
qsame qtime qor qshare qsome qcharacteristics qof qinterest qis qthe q focus qof qthe
qresearch. qThis qstudy qdoes qnot qpossess qthe qcharacteristics qof qa qcase–control
qor qcross-sectional qstudy, qand qepidemiological qstudy qis qnot qan qexisting
qmethodology.
16. As qpart qof qa qcommunity qclass, qstudent qnurses qare qdeveloping qa qclass qto
qteach qexpectant qparents qthe qimportance qof qhaving qtheir qchild qproperly
qsecured qin qa qchild qsafety qseat. qDuring qthe qclass, qthe qstudents qare qgoing
qto qhave qa qsafety qofficer qexamine qthe qcar qseats qthat qthe qparents qhave
qinstalled qin qtheir qvehicles. qThis qis qan qexample qof qwhich qtype qof
qprevention?
A) Primary qprevention
B) Secondary qprevention
C) Tertiary qprevention
D) Prognosis
qenhancement qAns: qA
Feedback:
Primary qprevention qis qdirected qat qkeeping qdisease qfrom qoccurring qby
qremoving qrisk qfactors. qSome qprimary qprevention qis qmandated qby qlaw, qlike
qchild qsafety qseats. qSecondary
