CLC EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION
What are Montgomery glands?
Sebaceous glands on areola that are a result of pregnancy hormones
What do Montgomery glands do?
Allow milk to mix with sebum, makes milk sticky and anti-microbial
Function of prolactin?
Pro-lactation. Makes milk.
What stimulates prolactin?
Baby suckles/nipple stimulation stimulates brain to secrete prolactin into
blood and that triggers body to respond
Do all humans have prolactin?
Yes, everyone has prolactin all the time but it is a matter of ramping it up
for lactation.
Function of oxytocin?
Myoepithelial cells to contract, and uterus to contract. Also milk letdown.
What stimulates oxytocin?
Nipple stretching (proper lactch), baby hand massage, its is a conditioned
response of milk ejection too.
How does the body make milk?
Messages from the breast travel in nervous system to brain and then
hormones travel in blood back to breast.
How are milk composition and feed frequency related?
High fat, protein, water milk producers will nurse less often.
General composition of human milk?
High in lactose, water. Low in protein, fat. Very dilute --> Due to this
composition nursing should be frequent.
What are the 3 stages of lactogenesis?
Lactogenesis I: colostrum (placental hormone influence)
Lactogenesis II: transitional milk (birth of placenta causes drop in
progesterone)
Lactogenesis III: mature milk (occurs at same time as stage II due to
continual nipple stimulation)
How is milk composition different with pre-term babies?
For first 5-7 weeks milk is generally higher in protein, fat and every content.
Milk volume is not any greater.
, After one year of nursing how does milk composition change?
It becomes higher in fat and energy but volume does not increase.
How does milk composition change at 24 months?
Carbs drop significantly, fat increases significantly, slight protein increase.
Overall more energy content (~30 kcal/oz vs ~18 kcal/oz for 1st year)
How much energy does fat provide from milk?
About 49%
Hind milk vs foremilk?
More complex than we originally thought, no firm consensus if there is
more fat in hind milk, it is possible that both have equal amounts.
What are three times when breast milk composition can change?
Within a day, during a feeding, over the course of lactation.
Is baby fat intake affected by specific practices during a feed?
There is no difference in net fat intake according to # of breasts suckled per
feed or breastfeeding frequency.
How can milk composition vary within a feed?
Degree of breast emptying, amount available to begin with, breast storage
capacity, faster removal (faster removal = higher fat content)
What are some benefits of exclusive breastfeeding?
- less diarrhea
- better iron amount
- presence of bifidus factor
- provides hormones and growth hormone
- white blood cells/immunity
-SIgA antibodies
-B12 binding factor
-lactorferrin
-cell wall disrupters
-microbes from mom
-absence of exposure from contaminants
-HMOs
How does breast milk protect against diarrhea?
it is more acidic than formula and leads to a more favorable gut pH, also
breastfeeding during diarrhea helps to maintain a baby's gut microbiota
How does the relatively low iron content in milk help baby?
Excess amounts of iron can feed the bad microbes in a baby's gut, leading
to diarrhea
What is bifidus factor?
SOLUTION
What are Montgomery glands?
Sebaceous glands on areola that are a result of pregnancy hormones
What do Montgomery glands do?
Allow milk to mix with sebum, makes milk sticky and anti-microbial
Function of prolactin?
Pro-lactation. Makes milk.
What stimulates prolactin?
Baby suckles/nipple stimulation stimulates brain to secrete prolactin into
blood and that triggers body to respond
Do all humans have prolactin?
Yes, everyone has prolactin all the time but it is a matter of ramping it up
for lactation.
Function of oxytocin?
Myoepithelial cells to contract, and uterus to contract. Also milk letdown.
What stimulates oxytocin?
Nipple stretching (proper lactch), baby hand massage, its is a conditioned
response of milk ejection too.
How does the body make milk?
Messages from the breast travel in nervous system to brain and then
hormones travel in blood back to breast.
How are milk composition and feed frequency related?
High fat, protein, water milk producers will nurse less often.
General composition of human milk?
High in lactose, water. Low in protein, fat. Very dilute --> Due to this
composition nursing should be frequent.
What are the 3 stages of lactogenesis?
Lactogenesis I: colostrum (placental hormone influence)
Lactogenesis II: transitional milk (birth of placenta causes drop in
progesterone)
Lactogenesis III: mature milk (occurs at same time as stage II due to
continual nipple stimulation)
How is milk composition different with pre-term babies?
For first 5-7 weeks milk is generally higher in protein, fat and every content.
Milk volume is not any greater.
, After one year of nursing how does milk composition change?
It becomes higher in fat and energy but volume does not increase.
How does milk composition change at 24 months?
Carbs drop significantly, fat increases significantly, slight protein increase.
Overall more energy content (~30 kcal/oz vs ~18 kcal/oz for 1st year)
How much energy does fat provide from milk?
About 49%
Hind milk vs foremilk?
More complex than we originally thought, no firm consensus if there is
more fat in hind milk, it is possible that both have equal amounts.
What are three times when breast milk composition can change?
Within a day, during a feeding, over the course of lactation.
Is baby fat intake affected by specific practices during a feed?
There is no difference in net fat intake according to # of breasts suckled per
feed or breastfeeding frequency.
How can milk composition vary within a feed?
Degree of breast emptying, amount available to begin with, breast storage
capacity, faster removal (faster removal = higher fat content)
What are some benefits of exclusive breastfeeding?
- less diarrhea
- better iron amount
- presence of bifidus factor
- provides hormones and growth hormone
- white blood cells/immunity
-SIgA antibodies
-B12 binding factor
-lactorferrin
-cell wall disrupters
-microbes from mom
-absence of exposure from contaminants
-HMOs
How does breast milk protect against diarrhea?
it is more acidic than formula and leads to a more favorable gut pH, also
breastfeeding during diarrhea helps to maintain a baby's gut microbiota
How does the relatively low iron content in milk help baby?
Excess amounts of iron can feed the bad microbes in a baby's gut, leading
to diarrhea
What is bifidus factor?
