NUSCTX 11, MIDTERM 1 - UC
BERKELEY EXAM Q&A
What are the important dietary carcinogens? - Answer-Carcinogens from fried beef
and aflatoxins appear to be the most important human carcinogens in foods.
Is there a cancer-protective diet? - Answer-Diets rich in protective substances from
fruits, vegetables and whole grains and low fat and carcinogens from meat and
fungal contamination are associated with decreased cancer rates in humans.
Neoplasm - Answer-Heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth: can be benign
or malignant
Cancer - Answer-Malignant neoplasm
Tumor - Answer-Space-occupying lesion that may be benign (noncancerous) or
malignant (cancerous)
Mutation - Answer-Heritable change in DNA
Phases of Cancer - Answer-Promotion
Progression
Initiation(mutation)
Phystochemicals - Answer-Activate cellular stress-response pathways resulting in
the up-regulation of protective gene products
Oncohormesis - Answer-Low doses of radiation increase the biological defenses to
subsequent higher doses of radiation in vitro and in vivo
Lycopene - Answer-Present in tomato products, is associated with decreased
prostate cancer in human case-control studies
Allylsulfides - Answer-Present in garlic and leeks, are associated with decreased
cancers of several sites and show preventive activities in animals
Isoflavones - Answer-Substances present in soy, may decrease prostate and breast
tumor incidence when consumed over a lifetime. Short term consumption of these
substances increases cancer in rodent models.
Citrus Oils - Answer-Limonene in citrus oil, blocks tumor development in
experimental animals
Polyphenols - Answer-Present in food plants and tea, show protective effects against
several cancers in animals
, DIM - Answer-Produced from I3C in Brassica plants, appears to be most active
against mammary cancer in rodent models. Activates the immune system.
Polycyclic Aromatic Amines (PAA) - Answer-Found in fried meats
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) - Answer-Found in broiled, smoked meat
Aflatoxins - Answer-Found in peanuts, corn, etc.
Nitrosamines - Answer-Nitrite+Amines
Pyrrolizidines - Answer-Comfrey Tea
Safrole - Answer-Sassafrass
Hydrazines - Answer-Mushrooms
NAS Recommendations to reduce cancer risks (IV) - Answer-a. Reduce fat intake to
<30% of calories
b. Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains
c. Eat less food preserved by salt-curing or smoking
d. Minimize contamination with carcinogens.
The production of the activated carcinogen depends on (IV) - Answer-a. The level
and site of absorption of the pre-carcinogen
b. The translocation of the pre-carcinogen to the site of metabolism
c. The balance of phase I (activating) and phase II (deactivating) metabolism.
d. The efficiency of excretion of the metabolites.
Initiation of cancer requires (II) - Answer-a. A change (mutation) in the DNA
sequence that encodes a gene important in cancer
b. Fixing of this change in the genome by division of the affected cell
Promotion of cancer (IV) - Answer-a. Results in the proliferation of initiated cells
b. Does not involve further changes to DNA
c. Caused by abnormal responses to normal proliferative
agents such as hormones
d. Caused by continuous exposures to proliferative agents that induce toxic stress
BERKELEY EXAM Q&A
What are the important dietary carcinogens? - Answer-Carcinogens from fried beef
and aflatoxins appear to be the most important human carcinogens in foods.
Is there a cancer-protective diet? - Answer-Diets rich in protective substances from
fruits, vegetables and whole grains and low fat and carcinogens from meat and
fungal contamination are associated with decreased cancer rates in humans.
Neoplasm - Answer-Heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth: can be benign
or malignant
Cancer - Answer-Malignant neoplasm
Tumor - Answer-Space-occupying lesion that may be benign (noncancerous) or
malignant (cancerous)
Mutation - Answer-Heritable change in DNA
Phases of Cancer - Answer-Promotion
Progression
Initiation(mutation)
Phystochemicals - Answer-Activate cellular stress-response pathways resulting in
the up-regulation of protective gene products
Oncohormesis - Answer-Low doses of radiation increase the biological defenses to
subsequent higher doses of radiation in vitro and in vivo
Lycopene - Answer-Present in tomato products, is associated with decreased
prostate cancer in human case-control studies
Allylsulfides - Answer-Present in garlic and leeks, are associated with decreased
cancers of several sites and show preventive activities in animals
Isoflavones - Answer-Substances present in soy, may decrease prostate and breast
tumor incidence when consumed over a lifetime. Short term consumption of these
substances increases cancer in rodent models.
Citrus Oils - Answer-Limonene in citrus oil, blocks tumor development in
experimental animals
Polyphenols - Answer-Present in food plants and tea, show protective effects against
several cancers in animals
, DIM - Answer-Produced from I3C in Brassica plants, appears to be most active
against mammary cancer in rodent models. Activates the immune system.
Polycyclic Aromatic Amines (PAA) - Answer-Found in fried meats
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) - Answer-Found in broiled, smoked meat
Aflatoxins - Answer-Found in peanuts, corn, etc.
Nitrosamines - Answer-Nitrite+Amines
Pyrrolizidines - Answer-Comfrey Tea
Safrole - Answer-Sassafrass
Hydrazines - Answer-Mushrooms
NAS Recommendations to reduce cancer risks (IV) - Answer-a. Reduce fat intake to
<30% of calories
b. Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains
c. Eat less food preserved by salt-curing or smoking
d. Minimize contamination with carcinogens.
The production of the activated carcinogen depends on (IV) - Answer-a. The level
and site of absorption of the pre-carcinogen
b. The translocation of the pre-carcinogen to the site of metabolism
c. The balance of phase I (activating) and phase II (deactivating) metabolism.
d. The efficiency of excretion of the metabolites.
Initiation of cancer requires (II) - Answer-a. A change (mutation) in the DNA
sequence that encodes a gene important in cancer
b. Fixing of this change in the genome by division of the affected cell
Promotion of cancer (IV) - Answer-a. Results in the proliferation of initiated cells
b. Does not involve further changes to DNA
c. Caused by abnormal responses to normal proliferative
agents such as hormones
d. Caused by continuous exposures to proliferative agents that induce toxic stress
