ETX010 Final Exam Best Answers 2024-2025
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What is Toxicology?
The study of adverse effects of chemicals
Who is attributed to describing the concept "the dose makes the poison"?
Paracelsus
Who is considered the father of occupational medicine and wrote Diseases of Workers, a book
about health hazards in the workplace?
Bernardo Ramazzini
Who found high levels of cancer of the scrotum among chimney sweepers which lead to the
Chimney Sweepers Act of 1788?
Percivall Pott
Who wrote the book Silent Spring, which alerted the American public about the health hazards
of pesticides such as the thinning of bird egg shells causing bird population declines?
Rachel Carson
Determine the mechanisms of how exposures cause health adversity
Biomedical research
Review plaintiff histories
Law
Monitor human exposure and health effects
Public Health
Monitor exposure and health effects in ecosystem
Environmental Toxicology
Measure chemicals in decaying substances
Forensic Toxicology
,What is the best definition of a counterfactual?
A hypothetical situation that would have been true in similar but different circumstances
Why are randomized controlled trials so seldomly used in environmental health and toxicology
research? You can choose more than one.
- It is unethical to poison people on purpose.
- We only have one earth.
- Some exposures happen to everyone.
How is observing correlations between exposure and health outcomes helpful in identifying
causation between exposure and health? You can choose more than one.
- Observing consistent correlations between exposure and health outcomes across different
countries and species suggests the correlation could be causal.
- Observing correlations leads to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally.
Which of Hill's causal considerations are most poorly addressed in human studies of toxic
exposures?
Specificity
Which of the following are examples of study designs that apply Hill's causal concept of
Experiment and Reversibility? You can choose more than one.
- Counting the number of smokers and non-smokers who get lung cancer.
- Giving an antioxidant or placebo to people who have smoked many cigarettes for years and
measuring DNA mutations in their urine.
- Measuring DNA mutations in urine from non-smokers and smokers.
- Measuring DNA mutations in cord blood from pregnant non-smokers and smokers.
Synthetic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of what?
Plastics
What is meant by the exposome concept?
The totality of all exposures in a lifetime.
Why did Prof L tell us about twins and a bunch of diseases in the middle of the Exposome
lecture?
- If genetics was the main cause of the diseases, we would expect more twins to share these
diseases.
, - If genetics isn't the cause of these diseases in most twins, it must be the environment that
causes most of these diseases.
How many chemical substances are registered in CAS?
over 100 million
What is the difference between acute and chronic effects? Choose the best answer.
- Chronic is the long term effect and acute is the immediate effect
What is NOT a hazard of ethanol?
- car accidents
- its smell
Select all the concerning aspects of aflatoxin
- Aflatoxin can occur in the feed of agricultural animals.
- Aflatoxin can occur in dog food
- Aflatoxin can occur in human food
- Aflatoxin can cause liver cancer
- Aflatoxin can stunt the growth of children
What can farmers do to control aflatoxin levels in the food they grow? You can choose more
than one.
- store the food at cooler temperatures
- Dilute food contaminated with aflatoxin
- Reduce fungal stress
What is a hazard?
Inherent toxic characteristics of a substance
Which of the following is NOT a cause of liver cancer?
- Corn
(is : aflatoxin, alcohol, hepatitis B, obesity)
What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant?
A toxin is a natural bioactive substance and a toxicant is a synthetic bioactive substance.
Which of the following drugs is not made by plants? You can pick more than one.
With 100% Guaranteed Solutions
What is Toxicology?
The study of adverse effects of chemicals
Who is attributed to describing the concept "the dose makes the poison"?
Paracelsus
Who is considered the father of occupational medicine and wrote Diseases of Workers, a book
about health hazards in the workplace?
Bernardo Ramazzini
Who found high levels of cancer of the scrotum among chimney sweepers which lead to the
Chimney Sweepers Act of 1788?
Percivall Pott
Who wrote the book Silent Spring, which alerted the American public about the health hazards
of pesticides such as the thinning of bird egg shells causing bird population declines?
Rachel Carson
Determine the mechanisms of how exposures cause health adversity
Biomedical research
Review plaintiff histories
Law
Monitor human exposure and health effects
Public Health
Monitor exposure and health effects in ecosystem
Environmental Toxicology
Measure chemicals in decaying substances
Forensic Toxicology
,What is the best definition of a counterfactual?
A hypothetical situation that would have been true in similar but different circumstances
Why are randomized controlled trials so seldomly used in environmental health and toxicology
research? You can choose more than one.
- It is unethical to poison people on purpose.
- We only have one earth.
- Some exposures happen to everyone.
How is observing correlations between exposure and health outcomes helpful in identifying
causation between exposure and health? You can choose more than one.
- Observing consistent correlations between exposure and health outcomes across different
countries and species suggests the correlation could be causal.
- Observing correlations leads to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally.
Which of Hill's causal considerations are most poorly addressed in human studies of toxic
exposures?
Specificity
Which of the following are examples of study designs that apply Hill's causal concept of
Experiment and Reversibility? You can choose more than one.
- Counting the number of smokers and non-smokers who get lung cancer.
- Giving an antioxidant or placebo to people who have smoked many cigarettes for years and
measuring DNA mutations in their urine.
- Measuring DNA mutations in urine from non-smokers and smokers.
- Measuring DNA mutations in cord blood from pregnant non-smokers and smokers.
Synthetic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of what?
Plastics
What is meant by the exposome concept?
The totality of all exposures in a lifetime.
Why did Prof L tell us about twins and a bunch of diseases in the middle of the Exposome
lecture?
- If genetics was the main cause of the diseases, we would expect more twins to share these
diseases.
, - If genetics isn't the cause of these diseases in most twins, it must be the environment that
causes most of these diseases.
How many chemical substances are registered in CAS?
over 100 million
What is the difference between acute and chronic effects? Choose the best answer.
- Chronic is the long term effect and acute is the immediate effect
What is NOT a hazard of ethanol?
- car accidents
- its smell
Select all the concerning aspects of aflatoxin
- Aflatoxin can occur in the feed of agricultural animals.
- Aflatoxin can occur in dog food
- Aflatoxin can occur in human food
- Aflatoxin can cause liver cancer
- Aflatoxin can stunt the growth of children
What can farmers do to control aflatoxin levels in the food they grow? You can choose more
than one.
- store the food at cooler temperatures
- Dilute food contaminated with aflatoxin
- Reduce fungal stress
What is a hazard?
Inherent toxic characteristics of a substance
Which of the following is NOT a cause of liver cancer?
- Corn
(is : aflatoxin, alcohol, hepatitis B, obesity)
What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant?
A toxin is a natural bioactive substance and a toxicant is a synthetic bioactive substance.
Which of the following drugs is not made by plants? You can pick more than one.
