Information 2 part 2 and 3
Explain the effect that point mutations and frameshift mutations can have on gene products.
Make sure to differentiate between:
neutral (silent) mutations
missense mutations
nonsense mutations
Why insertion/deletion of three bases is less deleterious than insertion/deletion of one or two
bases. - ANS-
\Explain the meaning of this statement: "The genetic code is punctuated, unambiguous, and
redundant." - ANS-Codons are made of the same 4 base letters but contain 3 each. many
combinations can code for one amino acid.
\Explain the relationship between the promoter, enhancers, and transcription factors. -
ANS-https://prezi.com/rjwxngctmqlp/ap-bio-information-2-the-central-dogma/
\Explain what happens during each of the following post-transcriptional modifications of
eukaryotic transcripts:
splicing
5' capping
Polyadenylation (poly A tail). - ANS-- 5' capping : nucleotide sequence added to 5' end and
hundreds of Adenine put on the 3' end
- Splicing: non coding introns and coding exons. introns removed and exons spliced together
before mRNA transcription. Spliceosome.
\How do eukaryotic cells utilize alternative splicing to maximize variety of gene products that
they can produce? - ANS-multiple exons in a gene allow for eukaryote to make multiple
proteins from one gene
\How does RNA polymerase identify where to begin transcription of a gene? - ANS-There is
a promoter region "upstream" of the Gene. In prokaryote the RNA polymerase directly binds
to promoter place while a eukaryote requires transcription proteins for it to be able to bind to
the promoter site.
\How does the structure of a ribosome enable its function? - ANS-There is a small sub-unit
for the mRNA and a large sub-unit for the tRNA.
\How does the structure of a tRNA molecule enable its function? - ANS-Allows an amino acid
at one end to be positioned in a polypeptide when the anticodon at the other end of the tRNA
pairs with a codon.
\Provide a brief description of each of the following phases of transcription.
initiation
elongation
termination - ANS-Initiation- rna polymerase binds to the promoter site
Elongation- RNA production occurs in the 5' to 3' direction
Termination- Reaches end of the gene. RHO independent is when the transcript bases H
bond with themselves and pull strands out of RNA polymerase. RHO dependent is when it
uses RHO protein destabilizes RNA DNA bond at RNA polymerase.
\Provide a brief description of the stages of translation:
Initiation
Elongation
Explain the effect that point mutations and frameshift mutations can have on gene products.
Make sure to differentiate between:
neutral (silent) mutations
missense mutations
nonsense mutations
Why insertion/deletion of three bases is less deleterious than insertion/deletion of one or two
bases. - ANS-
\Explain the meaning of this statement: "The genetic code is punctuated, unambiguous, and
redundant." - ANS-Codons are made of the same 4 base letters but contain 3 each. many
combinations can code for one amino acid.
\Explain the relationship between the promoter, enhancers, and transcription factors. -
ANS-https://prezi.com/rjwxngctmqlp/ap-bio-information-2-the-central-dogma/
\Explain what happens during each of the following post-transcriptional modifications of
eukaryotic transcripts:
splicing
5' capping
Polyadenylation (poly A tail). - ANS-- 5' capping : nucleotide sequence added to 5' end and
hundreds of Adenine put on the 3' end
- Splicing: non coding introns and coding exons. introns removed and exons spliced together
before mRNA transcription. Spliceosome.
\How do eukaryotic cells utilize alternative splicing to maximize variety of gene products that
they can produce? - ANS-multiple exons in a gene allow for eukaryote to make multiple
proteins from one gene
\How does RNA polymerase identify where to begin transcription of a gene? - ANS-There is
a promoter region "upstream" of the Gene. In prokaryote the RNA polymerase directly binds
to promoter place while a eukaryote requires transcription proteins for it to be able to bind to
the promoter site.
\How does the structure of a ribosome enable its function? - ANS-There is a small sub-unit
for the mRNA and a large sub-unit for the tRNA.
\How does the structure of a tRNA molecule enable its function? - ANS-Allows an amino acid
at one end to be positioned in a polypeptide when the anticodon at the other end of the tRNA
pairs with a codon.
\Provide a brief description of each of the following phases of transcription.
initiation
elongation
termination - ANS-Initiation- rna polymerase binds to the promoter site
Elongation- RNA production occurs in the 5' to 3' direction
Termination- Reaches end of the gene. RHO independent is when the transcript bases H
bond with themselves and pull strands out of RNA polymerase. RHO dependent is when it
uses RHO protein destabilizes RNA DNA bond at RNA polymerase.
\Provide a brief description of the stages of translation:
Initiation
Elongation
