HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
PACK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
intravascular fluid - Answer-fluid contained within vascular channels (about one-
twentieth of the total body weight)
edema - Answer-swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
venous obstruction - Answer-(Venous engorgement) Obstruction of venous flow
pitting edema - Answer-edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an
indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds
congestive heart failure - Answer-inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in
the tissues
Hemosiderosis - Answer-abnormal deposit of hemosiderin
Jaundice - Answer-yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an
accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood
Hyperbilirubinemia - Answer-abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the
blood
Dystrophic calcification - Answer-calcification of damaged tissue; normal serum calcium
psammoma bodies - Answer-Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, Serous papillary
cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, Meningioma, Mesothelioma
myocardinal infraction - Answer-A heart attack
Metastic calcification - Answer-mineral deposits that occur in undamaged normal tissue
as the result of hypercalemia
hypercalcemia - Answer-the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood
hyperthyroidism - Answer-an overactive thyroid gland
Addisons disease - Answer-Addison's disease is also known as hypoadrenocorticism. It
is a disease that results from a decrease in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal
gland. See article: Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs., rare childhood
,disorder with deficiencies of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, may occur as a
resuld of trauma, infection or autoimmune response, develops gradually.
Besnier-boek disease(systematic sarcoidosis) - Answer-mulisys granulomatous
inflammetory disease
granuloma - Answer-a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or
inflammation or infection
milk-alkali syndrome - Answer-- leads to alkolosis, hypercalcemia, renal impairment
(calcium and phosphate binds together in alkaline environment => crystals)
leukemia - Answer-cancer characterized by an increase in abnormal white blood cells
disseminated cancers - Answer-cancer cells ahve spread not only to the lymph nodes
but to other areas of the body as well, usually bones, lungs and liver. cancer cells
usually spread through the lymph system and bloodstream, cure rate is low
metastasis - Answer-the spreading of a disease to another part of the body
neoplasm - Answer-an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose
refractive errors - Answer-Refraction is the ability of the eye to bend light rays so they
fall on the retina. Some reasons light does not focus properly:
Myopia (nearsightedness): - Answer-can see near objects clearly but far objects blurred,
point of focus falls short of the retina
Hyperopia (farsightedness): - Answer-can see distant objects clearly but close objects
blurred, point of focus goes beyond the retina
Astigmastism: - Answer-unevenness in the cornea, lights rays don't achieve a single
point of focus
Presbyopia: - Answer-hyperopia (farsightedness) that occurs as a normal process of
aging, after 40
Nystagmus: - Answer-rapid, irregular eye movement, congenital, cerebellum/brainstem
lesion
Amblyopia: - Answer-lazy eye
strabismus - Answer-condition in which the two eyes point in different directions, cross-
eyed, estropia(eyes turn inward) extropia (eyes turn outward)
,Hordeolum (Stye) - Answer-Refers to a stye (or sty), a small purulent inflammatory
infection of a sebaceous gland of the eye, treated with hot compresses and surgical
incision., often result of staph infection, hot compresses my be appired to the eye for
inflammation, antibiotics if spreadm if persistant, surgical drainage
Chalazion - Answer-obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid; also called meibomian cyst
Keratitis - Answer-inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred
vision, often results from herpes simplex virus, corneal trauma, contact lens wear or
exposure of the cornea to dry air or intense light, treatment , eyedropsbroad-spectrum
antibiotics
Blepharitis - Answer-burning, foreign body sensation, mattering... eyelid inflammation...
staph, seborrheic... hygiene (lid scrub, baby shampoo) & antibiotic ointment
Entropion - Answer-the inversion of the edge of an eyelid. this usually affects the lower
eyelid and causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea. (en-in, trop-turn, -
ion=condition), may cause conjunctivitis, vision probs if not corrected, minor surgical
proc
Ectropion - Answer-turning outward (eversion) of the eyelid, exposing the conjunctiva
Blepharoptosis - Answer-Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis).,usually one eye, can affect
vision, any age, caused by weakness of the 3rd cranial nerve or eakness of muscle that
raises the eyelid, surg proc to treat
Entropion - Answer-inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid, pt has
sensation of foreign body in eye,, most often affects older people, minor surg proc
Ectropion - Answer-eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid,
Conjunctivitis - Answer-inflammation of the conjunctiva, pink-eye, highly contagious, for
bacterial topical antibiotics
Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer - Answer--disruption of corneal epithelium and stroma
-fungal, viral, bac infection, incomplete lid closure, poor lacrimal gland fnc
-pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, tearing, redness, painless loss of Eoithelium
or outer layer of the cornea, ulceration is the infection of the cornea, may be result of
foreign bodies being trapped between the cornea and the eyelid, by direct rauma to the
cornea or wearing of contact lenses, corneal ulcers need antibiotics immed
Episcleritis/Scleritis - Answer-inflammation of the episclera (external surface of the
sclera)/inflammation of the deeper sclera, the white outermost covering of the eyeball,
episcleritis is more common, scleritis may be assco with autoimmune disorders like RA,
Chrohns, topical steroids eyedrops
, Cataract - Answer-natural lens of the eye becomes opacified, primary symptom is
deterioration of vision in affected eye, may report poor night vision, yellowing or faidnd
of colors, aging is most common factor, sugery
Glaucoma - Answer-increased intraocular pressure, damage to optic nerve, one of the
major cuases of blindness, more common in pts of 60 years and older,
Chronic Open-Angle glaucoma - Answer-Silent disease, most common form of
glaucoma, most treatable cause of blindness, if goes untreated the pt gradually loses
peripheral side vision, can occur secondary to traum, even years later, overuse of
topical steroids
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma - Answer-Blurred Vision
Headache
Halos around lights
Nausea
Vomiting
Another ocular emergency
Severe ocular pain with nausea and vomiting, pupil mid-dilated and oval
Blurred vision, colored haloes around lights due to corneal edema
Treatment: emergency referral to ophthalmologist
Pilocarpine, Pressure lowering eyedrops
Hyperosmotic agents - glycerol, mannitol
Mascular Degeneration - Answer-degeneration of the central macula results in loss of
visual acuity, , Leading cause of permanent blindness in elderly
Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer-disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by
capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to
scarring and loss of vision, usually occurs about 8-10 years after onset of diabetes,
Retinal Detachment - Answer-the retina is pulled away from its attachment to the
choroid in the back of the eye, elevation, nearsigtness are more susceptible, pts see
floaters and light falashes, dark shadow, cryotherapy
Uveitis - Answer-inflammation anywhere in the uveal tract, pain, blurred vision and
redness can occure, often assoc with autoimmune disorder
Exophthalmos - Answer-abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, assoc with hyperthyroidism,
hypo, etc,
Cancer of the eye - Answer-Retinoblastoma, may involve globe, the orbit, the orbital
cavity ad soft tissues and muscles, present visible lesions, retinoblastoma is more
common primary malign in childern , 5 year survival rate for pts with primaryeye
neoplasms, gener good but depends on tumor type, size, an stage
PACK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
intravascular fluid - Answer-fluid contained within vascular channels (about one-
twentieth of the total body weight)
edema - Answer-swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
venous obstruction - Answer-(Venous engorgement) Obstruction of venous flow
pitting edema - Answer-edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an
indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds
congestive heart failure - Answer-inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in
the tissues
Hemosiderosis - Answer-abnormal deposit of hemosiderin
Jaundice - Answer-yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an
accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood
Hyperbilirubinemia - Answer-abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the
blood
Dystrophic calcification - Answer-calcification of damaged tissue; normal serum calcium
psammoma bodies - Answer-Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, Serous papillary
cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, Meningioma, Mesothelioma
myocardinal infraction - Answer-A heart attack
Metastic calcification - Answer-mineral deposits that occur in undamaged normal tissue
as the result of hypercalemia
hypercalcemia - Answer-the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood
hyperthyroidism - Answer-an overactive thyroid gland
Addisons disease - Answer-Addison's disease is also known as hypoadrenocorticism. It
is a disease that results from a decrease in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal
gland. See article: Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs., rare childhood
,disorder with deficiencies of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, may occur as a
resuld of trauma, infection or autoimmune response, develops gradually.
Besnier-boek disease(systematic sarcoidosis) - Answer-mulisys granulomatous
inflammetory disease
granuloma - Answer-a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or
inflammation or infection
milk-alkali syndrome - Answer-- leads to alkolosis, hypercalcemia, renal impairment
(calcium and phosphate binds together in alkaline environment => crystals)
leukemia - Answer-cancer characterized by an increase in abnormal white blood cells
disseminated cancers - Answer-cancer cells ahve spread not only to the lymph nodes
but to other areas of the body as well, usually bones, lungs and liver. cancer cells
usually spread through the lymph system and bloodstream, cure rate is low
metastasis - Answer-the spreading of a disease to another part of the body
neoplasm - Answer-an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose
refractive errors - Answer-Refraction is the ability of the eye to bend light rays so they
fall on the retina. Some reasons light does not focus properly:
Myopia (nearsightedness): - Answer-can see near objects clearly but far objects blurred,
point of focus falls short of the retina
Hyperopia (farsightedness): - Answer-can see distant objects clearly but close objects
blurred, point of focus goes beyond the retina
Astigmastism: - Answer-unevenness in the cornea, lights rays don't achieve a single
point of focus
Presbyopia: - Answer-hyperopia (farsightedness) that occurs as a normal process of
aging, after 40
Nystagmus: - Answer-rapid, irregular eye movement, congenital, cerebellum/brainstem
lesion
Amblyopia: - Answer-lazy eye
strabismus - Answer-condition in which the two eyes point in different directions, cross-
eyed, estropia(eyes turn inward) extropia (eyes turn outward)
,Hordeolum (Stye) - Answer-Refers to a stye (or sty), a small purulent inflammatory
infection of a sebaceous gland of the eye, treated with hot compresses and surgical
incision., often result of staph infection, hot compresses my be appired to the eye for
inflammation, antibiotics if spreadm if persistant, surgical drainage
Chalazion - Answer-obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid; also called meibomian cyst
Keratitis - Answer-inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred
vision, often results from herpes simplex virus, corneal trauma, contact lens wear or
exposure of the cornea to dry air or intense light, treatment , eyedropsbroad-spectrum
antibiotics
Blepharitis - Answer-burning, foreign body sensation, mattering... eyelid inflammation...
staph, seborrheic... hygiene (lid scrub, baby shampoo) & antibiotic ointment
Entropion - Answer-the inversion of the edge of an eyelid. this usually affects the lower
eyelid and causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea. (en-in, trop-turn, -
ion=condition), may cause conjunctivitis, vision probs if not corrected, minor surgical
proc
Ectropion - Answer-turning outward (eversion) of the eyelid, exposing the conjunctiva
Blepharoptosis - Answer-Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis).,usually one eye, can affect
vision, any age, caused by weakness of the 3rd cranial nerve or eakness of muscle that
raises the eyelid, surg proc to treat
Entropion - Answer-inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid, pt has
sensation of foreign body in eye,, most often affects older people, minor surg proc
Ectropion - Answer-eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid,
Conjunctivitis - Answer-inflammation of the conjunctiva, pink-eye, highly contagious, for
bacterial topical antibiotics
Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer - Answer--disruption of corneal epithelium and stroma
-fungal, viral, bac infection, incomplete lid closure, poor lacrimal gland fnc
-pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, tearing, redness, painless loss of Eoithelium
or outer layer of the cornea, ulceration is the infection of the cornea, may be result of
foreign bodies being trapped between the cornea and the eyelid, by direct rauma to the
cornea or wearing of contact lenses, corneal ulcers need antibiotics immed
Episcleritis/Scleritis - Answer-inflammation of the episclera (external surface of the
sclera)/inflammation of the deeper sclera, the white outermost covering of the eyeball,
episcleritis is more common, scleritis may be assco with autoimmune disorders like RA,
Chrohns, topical steroids eyedrops
, Cataract - Answer-natural lens of the eye becomes opacified, primary symptom is
deterioration of vision in affected eye, may report poor night vision, yellowing or faidnd
of colors, aging is most common factor, sugery
Glaucoma - Answer-increased intraocular pressure, damage to optic nerve, one of the
major cuases of blindness, more common in pts of 60 years and older,
Chronic Open-Angle glaucoma - Answer-Silent disease, most common form of
glaucoma, most treatable cause of blindness, if goes untreated the pt gradually loses
peripheral side vision, can occur secondary to traum, even years later, overuse of
topical steroids
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma - Answer-Blurred Vision
Headache
Halos around lights
Nausea
Vomiting
Another ocular emergency
Severe ocular pain with nausea and vomiting, pupil mid-dilated and oval
Blurred vision, colored haloes around lights due to corneal edema
Treatment: emergency referral to ophthalmologist
Pilocarpine, Pressure lowering eyedrops
Hyperosmotic agents - glycerol, mannitol
Mascular Degeneration - Answer-degeneration of the central macula results in loss of
visual acuity, , Leading cause of permanent blindness in elderly
Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer-disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by
capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to
scarring and loss of vision, usually occurs about 8-10 years after onset of diabetes,
Retinal Detachment - Answer-the retina is pulled away from its attachment to the
choroid in the back of the eye, elevation, nearsigtness are more susceptible, pts see
floaters and light falashes, dark shadow, cryotherapy
Uveitis - Answer-inflammation anywhere in the uveal tract, pain, blurred vision and
redness can occure, often assoc with autoimmune disorder
Exophthalmos - Answer-abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, assoc with hyperthyroidism,
hypo, etc,
Cancer of the eye - Answer-Retinoblastoma, may involve globe, the orbit, the orbital
cavity ad soft tissues and muscles, present visible lesions, retinoblastoma is more
common primary malign in childern , 5 year survival rate for pts with primaryeye
neoplasms, gener good but depends on tumor type, size, an stage
