HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (LATEST 2025 UPDATE)

HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (LATEST 2025 UPDATE) blood gases - Answer-the gases present in the blood that are a result of use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide during metabolism; the blood is analyzed for evidence of deviations (acidosis or alkalosis) from normal levels blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Answer-a measurement of urea nitrogen (a substance formed during protein breakdown) in the serum or plasma; an elevated level of this may indicate impaired renal function breech - Answer-buttocks bronchoscopy - Answer-examination of the bronchial tree with a bronchoscope to obtain a biopsy, remove an obstruction, or diagnose a disease bruit - Answer-an abnormal sound heard in auscultation cachexia - Answer-a profound and marked wasting disorder, usually associated with malnutrition and such diseases as cancer and tuberculosis calculus - Answer-a stone usually composed of mineral salts (e.g. kidney stones and gallstones) or calcified deposits on the teeth carcinogen - Answer-a substance that produces cancer or that causes transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one cardiac sphincter - Answer-the circular muscle at the opening of the esophagus into the stomach cardiomegaly - Answer-enlargement of the heart cardiomyopathy - Answer-a defect of the heart muscle cast - Answer-a negative mold or copy formed in a hollow organ or part; a urinary cast is a small structure formed within the urinary system from mineral or protein matter and extruded from the body in urine cataract - Answer-a progressive disease in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, impairing vision or causing blindness catatonic posturing - Answer-a state of not being able to move, with the assumption of a rigid, often bizarre posture cautery - Answer-an instrument or chemical that destroys tissue as a therapeutic measure cellulitis - Answer-an acute, diffuse, spreading infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue centromere - Answer-the constricted area of a chromosome cephalgia - Answer-pain in the head; headache cephalic - Answer-referring to the head; cranial cerclage - Answer-encircling of the cervix with a metal ring or suture ring to treat cervical incompetence during pregnancy to help prevent spontaneous abortion chancre - Answer-a type of skin lesion usually associated with primary syphilis cheilectomy - Answer-surgical removal of abnormal bone around a joint; also refers to surgical removal of a lip cholangiogram - Answer-a diagnostic radiographic study of the gallbladder and bile ducts cholecystogram - Answer-a diagnostic radiographic study of the gallbladder cholinergic - Answer-an agent that produces the effect of acetylcholine at the connections of the muscles and nerves chorea - Answer-the ceaseless occurrence of involuntary muscular movements of the limbs or facial muscles chromosome - Answer-structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information cicatricial - Answer-refers to a scar or the nature of a scar circadian rhythm - Answer-the biologic clock in humans; the rhythmic repetition of certain phenomena, such as hunger, fatigue, and changes in blood pressure, that tend to fluctuate within a 24-hour period circumoral cyanosis - Answer-a bluish discoloration around the mouth clean-catch urine specimen - Answer-a urine specimen obtained by cleaning the genitalia and then capturing a midstream urine sample for laboratory analysis clonic - Answer-pertaining to increased reflex activity closed reduction - Answer-the nonsurgical manipulative reduction of a dislocation or fracture cognitive - Answer-pertaining to the mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, and perceiving collateral - Answer-a small side branch of a blood vessel or nerve colporrhaphy - Answer-suturing of the vagina colposcopy - Answer-examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument frequently associated with biopsy of the cervix comedo - Answer-a blackhead, as seen in acne commissurotomy - Answer-surgical incision of component parts at the sites of junction between adjacent cusps of the heart valves to increase the size of the opening comorbid - Answer-two or more existing medical conditions computed tomography (CT) - Answer-a diagnostic technique using ionizing x-rays passed through a patient around specific sections of the body at multiple angles; useful in the detection of tumors continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) - Answer-a form of respiratory therapy in which ventilation is assisted by a flow of oxygen delivered at a constant pressure throughout the respiratory cycle contracture - Answer-immobility of muscles or a joint caused by shortening or wasting of tissue or muscle fibers controlled drug - Answer-a drug regulated by the Federal Controlled Substance Act corneal ulcer - Answer-ulcerative keratitis corticotrophin/adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer-a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary cortisol - Answer-major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the adrenal cortex craniotomy - Answer-incision into the skull, usually to relieve pressure, to remove a lesion, or to control bleeding creatinine - Answer-an important nitrogen compound that is a normal constituent of urine and blood; increased levels may indicate renal damage crede maneuver method - Answer-manual external compression of the bladder to aid in expulsion of urine cryoablation - Answer-the removal of tissue by destroying it with extreme cold cryotherapy - Answer-the therapeutic use of cold cryptorchidism - Answer-failure of one or both testicles to descent into the scrotum cul-de-sac - Answer-an area at the end of the abdominal cavity that is midway between the rectum and the uterus curettage - Answer-the removal of growths or other material from the wall of a cavity or other surface cyanosis - Answer-bluish appearance of the skin and mucous membrane that usually indicates reduced hemoglobin levels in the blood cytology - Answer-the scientific study of cells cytoreduction - Answer-a decrease in the number of cells (such as in a tumor) débride - Answer-remove foreign material or dead tissue in a wound deficit - Answer-a deficiency from what is normal delusion - Answer-a fixed false belief demise - Answer-destruction or death dermatome - Answer-a configured zone of skin innervated by a spinal cord segment dialysate - Answer-the fluid that passes through a semipermeable membrane during dialysis dialysis - Answer-a procedure that filters out unwanted substances from the blood, usually in cases of renal failure diaphoresis - Answer-profuse perspiration diplopia - Answer-double vision discoid - Answer-shaped like a disk diuresis - Answer-increased formation and excretion of urine doppler - Answer-ultrasonographic technique used to evaluate blood flow velocity dorsiflexion - Answer-to bend a joint toward the posterior aspect of the body; for example, the hand is this when it is extended or bent backward at the wrist drusen - Answer-small yellowish deposits that develop beneath the retina; commonly associated with age-related macular degeneration dyscrasia - Answer-a pathologic condition; an abnormal condition of the blood dyspareunia - Answer-pain or discomfort in the pelvis or vagina during or after sexual intercourse dysphagia - Answer-difficulty in swallowing dysphasia - Answer-difficulty in speaking, usually caused by a lesion in the central nervous system dysphonia - Answer-hoarseness; difficulty in speaking dysplasia - Answer-marked by abnormal adult cells dysrhythmia - Answer-an abnormal cardiac rhythm dysuria - Answer-painful or difficult urination ecchymosis - Answer-discoloration of the skin associated with a contusion echocardiogram - Answer-an ultrosonographic study of the motion of the walls or structures of the heart ectopic - Answer-out of normal position effacement - Answer-the thinning or obliteration of the cervix during labor electrocardiogram - Answer-a record of the electrical activity of the heart electromyogram - Answer-an electrodiagnostic assessment of the activity of skeletal muscles embolization - Answer-a treatment that blocks the flow of blood (i.e. to "starve" a tumor) embolus - Answer-a mass (e.g., foreign body, blood clot, piece of tumor) that breaks off and causes occlusion of an artery emergency medical service (EMS) - Answer-trained services provided on the scene empyema - Answer-accumulation of pus in a hallow organ; abscess encephalitis - Answer-inflammation of the brain endarterectomy - Answer-the surgical excision of the innermost lining of an artery to remove blockage endemic - Answer-condition in which a disease is prevalent in a particular geographic area or in a population endometriosis - Answer-a growth of endometrial tissue at various sites outside the uterus endometrium - Answer-the lining of the uterus that changes with the menstrual cycle; if the ovum is fertilized, this serves as the place where implantation occurs endorphins - Answer-one of the body's own morphine-like pain killers endoscopy - Answer-examination of any cavity of the body with an endoscope enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - Answer-a test used to detect antibodies to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus in blood serum epidural - Answer-an anesthetic injected into the epidural space around the spine, often used in labor and delivery epigastric - Answer-refers to the upper middle region of the abdomen epiphysis - Answer-the long end of a bone where bone growth occurs epistaxis - Answer-bleeding from the nose ergonomics - Answer-the science concerned with people and their work; it explores mechanical principles enhancing efficiency and well-being in the work environment ergot - Answer-a drug obtained from a fungus that grows on rye plants erythema - Answer-redness or inflammation of the skin produced by capillary congestion erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - Answer-a measurable reflection of the acute-phase reaction in inflammation and infection esophagoscopy - Answer-examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope exacerbation - Answer-an increase in the severity of a disease or aggravation of its symptoms exotoxin - Answer-bacterial toxins excreted outside of the bacterial cell exsanguination - Answer-excessive loss of blood from a part exudate - Answer-fluid, cells, or cellular debris that have oozed into tissue because of injury or swelling fascia - Answer-a fibrous membrane that covers, separates, and supports the muscles fasciculation - Answer-involuntary contraction or twitching of muscles fibrin - Answer-a protein material produced by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen fibrosis - Answer-the abnormal formation of fibrous tissue fissure - Answer-a crack or groove on a surface fistula - Answer-an abnormal tube-like passageway fluorescein angiography - Answer-a procedure in which light-sensitive material is injected into a blood vessel foramen - Answer-an opening or hole in a bone, allowing the passage of nerves or blood vessels foramen ovale - Answer-an opening in the septum between right and left atria of the fetal heart fowler's position - Answer-a semisitting position, usually at 45 degrees, used to facilitate breathing and drainage fulguration - Answer-tissue destruction with high-frequency electrical sparks fulminant - Answer-occurring with great intensity; refers to severe pain with sudden onset gamete - Answer-male or female sex cell gangrene - Answer-death of tissue caused by a decrease or absence of blood supply gastrectomy - Answer-surgical removal of the stomach gastroscopy - Answer-visual examination of the stomach using a gastroscope genitourinary - Answer-referring to the genital and urinary systems of the body giemsa stain - Answer-a process of staining bacteria for identification glenoid - Answer-having the semblance of a socket glomerulosclerosis - Answer-hardening of the renal glomerulus glomerulus - Answer-a tiny ball of microscopic blood vessels on the end of the renal tubules glucosteroids - Answer-steroids produced by the adrenal cortex goitrogenic - Answer-pertaining to substances causing goiters gonadotropin - Answer-a hormone that stimulates the testes and the ovaries to function gram stain - Answer-a process of staining bacteria for identification guthrie test - Answer-a test to detect phenylketonuria gynecomastia - Answer-abnormal enlargement of breast tissue in men H2-receptor antagonist - Answer-chemical agent that blocks the interaction of histamine or acetylcholine with receptors in stomach cells; drugs that inhibit secretion of gastric acid