©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW Exam
Questions And Answers 2025 Update.
Pulmonary Disease - Answer✔- S/S = dyspnea (orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea),
cough, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypo/hyper ventilation, cyanosis, clubbing,
pain
Dysnpea - Answer✔breathing discomfort with an attempt to increase respiratory effort
- Three Severe Signs of Dyspnea:
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. Use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal spaces
Orthopnea - Answer✔SOB that occurs when laying flat
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - Answer✔severe SOB and coughing at night
Kassmaul's Respirations (Hyperpnea) - Answer✔increased respirations with large tidal volume
and no expiratory pause (associated with respiratory acidosis)
Cheyne-Stoke's Respirations - Answer✔periods of deep/faster breathing (hyperventilation)
followed by a gradual stop (apnea)
Labored Breathing - Answer✔increased work of breathing
1
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
- Occurs with obstructed airways
- Stridor or wheezing
Restricted Breathing - Answer✔prevent lung from fully expanding with air due to stiffen
lungs/chest wall
- Tachypnea and small tidal volumes
What is the goal of ventilation? - Answer✔- Maintain an optimal pH through release of CO2
- Hypoventilation à hypercapnia à acidosis
- Hyperventilation à hypocapnia à alkalosis
Hypoxemia - Answer✔decreased oxygen of arterial blood presenting as central cyanosis
- Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
- Causes:
· Decreased inspired O2 (high altitude)
· Hypoventilation from lack of neurological stimulation (drug overdose)
· Respiratory diseases (COPD)
· Pulmonary edema & fibrosis
Hypoxia - Answer✔decreased oxygen in cells of tissues presenting as peripheral cyanosis
Respiratory Failure - Answer✔inadequate gas exchange resulting in low O2/pH and high CO2
- Causes can be direct or indirect injury
2
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
Restrictive Disorders - Answer✔decreased lung compliance requiring more effort to expand
lungs during inspiration resulting of V/Q mismatch - hypoxemia
Aspiration - Answer✔food or fluid in the right lower lobe of the lungs
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Sudden onset of choking
· Coughing with/without vomiting
· Dyspnea
· Wheezing
Bronchiectasis - Answer✔persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi associated with bronchial
inflammation
- Chronic inflammation causes destruction of bronchial walls & permanent dilation
- Airway damage leads to bronchospasms & increased purulent mucous
- Hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers and cor pulmonale occurs
Bronchiolitis - Answer✔diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles
- Common in children
- Linked to a viral infection of upper/lower airways (adults)
- S/S = increased respirations, use of accessory muscles, fever, dry non-productive cough
- Can lead to a hyper-inflated chest and hypoxemia
Atelectasis - Answer✔collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) which affects gas exchange
- S/S = dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
- Compression - external pressure on lungs from tumors, fluid, air or abdominal distention
- Absorption - removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilation alveoli or from inhalation of
anesthetics/concentrated oxygen
3
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
- Surfactant Impairment - decreased production or inactivation of surfactant à lung collapse
Pulmonary Fibrosis - Answer✔excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung
- May be due to inhalation of toxic gases or dusts & autoimmune disorders
- More common in men (over 60 years)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis - Answer✔fibrotic process results in chronic inflammation &
alveolar epithelialization
- Loss of lung compliance à lung stiffens up
- Decreased diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane à hypoxemia with hyperventilation &
hypercapnia
Pulmonary Edema - Answer✔abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli
- Cause:
· Left-sided heart failure
· Capillary injury à increased capillary permeability
· Obstruction of lymphatic system
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Dyspnea
· Hypoxemia
· Inspiratory crackles
· If severe = frothy pink sputum, hypoventilation, hypercapnia
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndorme (ARDS) - Answer✔fluid leaks into the lungs resulting in
difficulty/impossible breathing (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)
4
PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW Exam
Questions And Answers 2025 Update.
Pulmonary Disease - Answer✔- S/S = dyspnea (orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea),
cough, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypo/hyper ventilation, cyanosis, clubbing,
pain
Dysnpea - Answer✔breathing discomfort with an attempt to increase respiratory effort
- Three Severe Signs of Dyspnea:
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. Use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal spaces
Orthopnea - Answer✔SOB that occurs when laying flat
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - Answer✔severe SOB and coughing at night
Kassmaul's Respirations (Hyperpnea) - Answer✔increased respirations with large tidal volume
and no expiratory pause (associated with respiratory acidosis)
Cheyne-Stoke's Respirations - Answer✔periods of deep/faster breathing (hyperventilation)
followed by a gradual stop (apnea)
Labored Breathing - Answer✔increased work of breathing
1
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
- Occurs with obstructed airways
- Stridor or wheezing
Restricted Breathing - Answer✔prevent lung from fully expanding with air due to stiffen
lungs/chest wall
- Tachypnea and small tidal volumes
What is the goal of ventilation? - Answer✔- Maintain an optimal pH through release of CO2
- Hypoventilation à hypercapnia à acidosis
- Hyperventilation à hypocapnia à alkalosis
Hypoxemia - Answer✔decreased oxygen of arterial blood presenting as central cyanosis
- Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
- Causes:
· Decreased inspired O2 (high altitude)
· Hypoventilation from lack of neurological stimulation (drug overdose)
· Respiratory diseases (COPD)
· Pulmonary edema & fibrosis
Hypoxia - Answer✔decreased oxygen in cells of tissues presenting as peripheral cyanosis
Respiratory Failure - Answer✔inadequate gas exchange resulting in low O2/pH and high CO2
- Causes can be direct or indirect injury
2
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
Restrictive Disorders - Answer✔decreased lung compliance requiring more effort to expand
lungs during inspiration resulting of V/Q mismatch - hypoxemia
Aspiration - Answer✔food or fluid in the right lower lobe of the lungs
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Sudden onset of choking
· Coughing with/without vomiting
· Dyspnea
· Wheezing
Bronchiectasis - Answer✔persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi associated with bronchial
inflammation
- Chronic inflammation causes destruction of bronchial walls & permanent dilation
- Airway damage leads to bronchospasms & increased purulent mucous
- Hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers and cor pulmonale occurs
Bronchiolitis - Answer✔diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles
- Common in children
- Linked to a viral infection of upper/lower airways (adults)
- S/S = increased respirations, use of accessory muscles, fever, dry non-productive cough
- Can lead to a hyper-inflated chest and hypoxemia
Atelectasis - Answer✔collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) which affects gas exchange
- S/S = dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
- Compression - external pressure on lungs from tumors, fluid, air or abdominal distention
- Absorption - removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilation alveoli or from inhalation of
anesthetics/concentrated oxygen
3
, ©THEBRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11:11AM.
- Surfactant Impairment - decreased production or inactivation of surfactant à lung collapse
Pulmonary Fibrosis - Answer✔excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung
- May be due to inhalation of toxic gases or dusts & autoimmune disorders
- More common in men (over 60 years)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis - Answer✔fibrotic process results in chronic inflammation &
alveolar epithelialization
- Loss of lung compliance à lung stiffens up
- Decreased diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane à hypoxemia with hyperventilation &
hypercapnia
Pulmonary Edema - Answer✔abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli
- Cause:
· Left-sided heart failure
· Capillary injury à increased capillary permeability
· Obstruction of lymphatic system
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Dyspnea
· Hypoxemia
· Inspiratory crackles
· If severe = frothy pink sputum, hypoventilation, hypercapnia
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndorme (ARDS) - Answer✔fluid leaks into the lungs resulting in
difficulty/impossible breathing (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)
4
