PSB 3340 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Pass
Transduction - Answers translation of sensory information into a signal the brain can interpret
Transducers - Answers specialized receptor cells for each sensory system; reside in "sensory receptor
organs"; respond to only one type of stimulus
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies - Answers Johannes Muller; receptors & neural channels for different
senses are independent and operate in their own way; specificity of function & anatomy
Labeled Line Concept - Answers each nerve input into the brain reports only one type of information
Mechanoreceptors - Answers respond to mechanical deformation; physical movement
Chemoreceptors - Answers respond to chemicals & molecules
Photoreceptors - Answers respond to photons of light
Thermoreceptors - Answers respond to changes in temperature
Electroreceptors - Answers respond to different density of electrical currents
bare nerve endings - Answers pain, heat, cold (skin) nerve ending
encapsulated nerve endings - Answers mechanoreceptor nerve ending
specialized cells - Answers olfactory, visual rods & cones, vestibular & auditory hair cells
receptor potential (generator potential) - Answers slow local depolarization within sensory receptors
that has a graded magnitude proportional to the stimulus strength
Action Potential (AP) - Answers triggered by generator potential; occurs in specialized cells that form
synapses with sensory receptors; frequency is proportional to generator potential amplitude (therefore,
stimulus intensity increases frequency)
receptor fields - Answers respond to a single neuron; the smaller the field, the more precise the
information of the localization of the stimulus sent to the brain
audition - Answers hearing; stimulus: sound waves produced by vibrations; range: 80-20,000 Hz; pure
tone: amplitude (loudness) & frequency (pitch)
heschel's gyrus - Answers portion of auditory cortex that processes music
amusia - Answers inability to discern tunes
auditory transduction pathway - Answers ear-> ear canal->tympanic membrane (ear drum)->middle ear
ossicles (bones)->vibrate drum->causes fluic in cochea to move->pulls ear hairs (cilia)->ion channels
open (K and Ca enter) causinng depolarization-> releases glutamate
, cochlear nerve - Answers auditory nerve made up of bipolar axons
binaural hearing - Answers disparities bewteen ears that help locate sound's point of origin
conduction deafness - Answers deafness from middle ear problem
sensorineural deafness - Answers deafness from loss of hair or nerve
central deafness - Answers deafness from cortex problems
vestibular system - Answers movement of head moves vestibular hair cells, which helps provide balance
& fluidity in your field of vision (cochlea, vestibular sacs: saccule & utricile),semicircular canals)
Gustation (taste) - Answers uses taste receptors in taste buds/ papillae (20-50 receptors per bud, 10,000
buds)
Olfaction (smell) - Answers uses olfactory receptors (40 million) in epithellium to sense volatile
substances in 15-300 molecular weight range
olfactory receptors - Answers have action potentials when oderants bind to due to influx of positive ions
(mainly Na)
Oderant Receptors - Answers 350 functional types; axons go to olfactory bulb (glomerulus & mitral cell)
@ the base of the brain
vision - Answers uses photoreceptors (cone & rods) to transduce photons of light (380nm-760 nm) into
action potentials in the brain
rods - Answers low intensity light; distibuted widely; high convergence of information helps increase the
probabilty of an AP in low light conditions
cones - Answers high intensity light; sensitive to different wavelengths (color vision & high acuity vision)
fovea - Answers area in back of eye where light reaches cones without passing through blood vessels or
tissue; contains ONLY cones & the most acute vision; little convergence = direct line of info
blind spot - Answers where blood vessels exit the eye; no photoreceptors
photopigments - Answers opsin and retinal molecules embedded within visual transduction membrane;
G-protein coupled (Gt)
opsin - Answers protein dye that forms complex with retinal (complex called Gt/ transducin)
light - Answers what breaks the opsin/retinal complex, closing Na channels, causing hyperpolarization
and decrease in the release of glutamate from photoreceptors?
graded response - Answers more of a stimulus increases the effects of the stimulus within the cell
Transduction - Answers translation of sensory information into a signal the brain can interpret
Transducers - Answers specialized receptor cells for each sensory system; reside in "sensory receptor
organs"; respond to only one type of stimulus
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies - Answers Johannes Muller; receptors & neural channels for different
senses are independent and operate in their own way; specificity of function & anatomy
Labeled Line Concept - Answers each nerve input into the brain reports only one type of information
Mechanoreceptors - Answers respond to mechanical deformation; physical movement
Chemoreceptors - Answers respond to chemicals & molecules
Photoreceptors - Answers respond to photons of light
Thermoreceptors - Answers respond to changes in temperature
Electroreceptors - Answers respond to different density of electrical currents
bare nerve endings - Answers pain, heat, cold (skin) nerve ending
encapsulated nerve endings - Answers mechanoreceptor nerve ending
specialized cells - Answers olfactory, visual rods & cones, vestibular & auditory hair cells
receptor potential (generator potential) - Answers slow local depolarization within sensory receptors
that has a graded magnitude proportional to the stimulus strength
Action Potential (AP) - Answers triggered by generator potential; occurs in specialized cells that form
synapses with sensory receptors; frequency is proportional to generator potential amplitude (therefore,
stimulus intensity increases frequency)
receptor fields - Answers respond to a single neuron; the smaller the field, the more precise the
information of the localization of the stimulus sent to the brain
audition - Answers hearing; stimulus: sound waves produced by vibrations; range: 80-20,000 Hz; pure
tone: amplitude (loudness) & frequency (pitch)
heschel's gyrus - Answers portion of auditory cortex that processes music
amusia - Answers inability to discern tunes
auditory transduction pathway - Answers ear-> ear canal->tympanic membrane (ear drum)->middle ear
ossicles (bones)->vibrate drum->causes fluic in cochea to move->pulls ear hairs (cilia)->ion channels
open (K and Ca enter) causinng depolarization-> releases glutamate
, cochlear nerve - Answers auditory nerve made up of bipolar axons
binaural hearing - Answers disparities bewteen ears that help locate sound's point of origin
conduction deafness - Answers deafness from middle ear problem
sensorineural deafness - Answers deafness from loss of hair or nerve
central deafness - Answers deafness from cortex problems
vestibular system - Answers movement of head moves vestibular hair cells, which helps provide balance
& fluidity in your field of vision (cochlea, vestibular sacs: saccule & utricile),semicircular canals)
Gustation (taste) - Answers uses taste receptors in taste buds/ papillae (20-50 receptors per bud, 10,000
buds)
Olfaction (smell) - Answers uses olfactory receptors (40 million) in epithellium to sense volatile
substances in 15-300 molecular weight range
olfactory receptors - Answers have action potentials when oderants bind to due to influx of positive ions
(mainly Na)
Oderant Receptors - Answers 350 functional types; axons go to olfactory bulb (glomerulus & mitral cell)
@ the base of the brain
vision - Answers uses photoreceptors (cone & rods) to transduce photons of light (380nm-760 nm) into
action potentials in the brain
rods - Answers low intensity light; distibuted widely; high convergence of information helps increase the
probabilty of an AP in low light conditions
cones - Answers high intensity light; sensitive to different wavelengths (color vision & high acuity vision)
fovea - Answers area in back of eye where light reaches cones without passing through blood vessels or
tissue; contains ONLY cones & the most acute vision; little convergence = direct line of info
blind spot - Answers where blood vessels exit the eye; no photoreceptors
photopigments - Answers opsin and retinal molecules embedded within visual transduction membrane;
G-protein coupled (Gt)
opsin - Answers protein dye that forms complex with retinal (complex called Gt/ transducin)
light - Answers what breaks the opsin/retinal complex, closing Na channels, causing hyperpolarization
and decrease in the release of glutamate from photoreceptors?
graded response - Answers more of a stimulus increases the effects of the stimulus within the cell
