BIO 212 Exam 1 Verified Questions And Answers
With Latest Solutions
A study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of The body that caused or are
caused by diseases. ANS Pathophysiology
The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity. ANS World health organization definition of health
Biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, genetic inheritance, or nutrition ANS Etiological
Factors that cause disease
Etiology can be multi factorial or have a single cause. Multi factorial are usually cause ANS Are
diseases Caused by multiple or a single risk factor?
Acquired defects are caused by events after birth (ex. Being genetically predisposed to ovarian cancer)
while congenital defects are due to environmental agents or genetics that happened after birth (ex. Cancer
caused by smoking) ANS Congenital versus acquired defects that are caused by a disease. Give
examples for each
A symptom is a subjective complaint that is felt by the person with a disorder Such as headache or
dizziness but a sign is a manifestation that is noticed by an observer such as elevated temperature or a
swollen extremity. ANS Signs versus symptoms
Sequelae or expected lesions or impairments that are caused by a disease while complications are
unexpected adverse extension of a disease or outcomes from treatment. ANS Sequelae vs
complications. How are they different from a prognosis? Give an example for each
A prognosis is a prediction given for the probable outcome in ability to recover from a disease while a
diagnosis is the investigation and determination of the nature or cause of a disease that are confirmed by
laboratory tests and imaging. ANS Prognosis vs Diagnosis
Pathogenesis is the cellular course of a disease from initial contact while clinical course describes the
evolution of the disease including acute vs chronic, preclinical and clinical, and the carrier status ANS
Pathogenesis vs clinical course
,An acute disorder is one that is short-lived while a subacute is intermediate or between acute and chronic.
A chronic disease is a long-term process. ANS Acute, subacute, chronic clinical courses
Medical history, lab results, physical exam, etc. ANS What factors are involved in the diagnostic
process?
1. reliability (if the observation is repeated will it give the same result) ,
2. validity ( they extend a measurement to a measured what it's supposed to),
3. sensitivity (Will it work for that person), and
4. specificity (only can be calculated from people who don't have the disease) for the measurement.
ANS Define reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity
When results of a patient are compared to a reference population which is established statistically from a
sample of people. ANS Normal value
Etiology is the cause of a disease while risk factors are weakly associated with a disease. ANS Risk
factor vs etiology
Morbidity refers to a permanent impairment while mortality refers to death rate ANS morbidity vs
mortality
Incidence reflects the number of new cases while prevalence is a measure of existing disease in a
population at a given point in time ANS Incidence vs. Prevalence
Cells respond to stress by adapting. Stress can be caused by
1. Imbalances of ions water or oxygen
2. Biological attack (virus/bacteria)
3. Increased or decreased temperature ANS How do cells respond to stress? 3 causes of stress
, the cell's response to and whether they're able to adapt by escaping and protecting itself from injury by
changing their size shape or the number of cells. ANS Cellular Adaptation
An increase in cell sized caused by increased workload, hormonal stimulation, or chemical stimulation.
ANS Hypertrophy
A reduction in cell size the Can come on naturally or physiologically. Caused by...
1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. In adequate nutrition
5. Environmental conditions
6. Ischemia ANS atrophy definition and 6 causes
Reduced blood flow or supply ANS Ischemia
An increase in the number of cells caused by chemical or hormonal stimulation. Usually epithelial cells.
Causes by
1. Hormonal dysfunction
2. Skin loss
3. Inflammation
4. Damage or disease ANS Hyperplasia
Replacing oneself with another type caused by chronic irritation or inflammation. Usually found in
epithelial or mesenchymal cells. Usually caused by environmental stimulus and inflammation ANS
Metaplasia
Abnormal differences in dividing cells causing abnormal size, shape and appearance. It's a response to
chronic irritation and inflammation. They are the precursor cells associate with neoplasia(cancer). Caused
by infection or viruses ANS Dysplasia
With Latest Solutions
A study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of The body that caused or are
caused by diseases. ANS Pathophysiology
The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity. ANS World health organization definition of health
Biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, genetic inheritance, or nutrition ANS Etiological
Factors that cause disease
Etiology can be multi factorial or have a single cause. Multi factorial are usually cause ANS Are
diseases Caused by multiple or a single risk factor?
Acquired defects are caused by events after birth (ex. Being genetically predisposed to ovarian cancer)
while congenital defects are due to environmental agents or genetics that happened after birth (ex. Cancer
caused by smoking) ANS Congenital versus acquired defects that are caused by a disease. Give
examples for each
A symptom is a subjective complaint that is felt by the person with a disorder Such as headache or
dizziness but a sign is a manifestation that is noticed by an observer such as elevated temperature or a
swollen extremity. ANS Signs versus symptoms
Sequelae or expected lesions or impairments that are caused by a disease while complications are
unexpected adverse extension of a disease or outcomes from treatment. ANS Sequelae vs
complications. How are they different from a prognosis? Give an example for each
A prognosis is a prediction given for the probable outcome in ability to recover from a disease while a
diagnosis is the investigation and determination of the nature or cause of a disease that are confirmed by
laboratory tests and imaging. ANS Prognosis vs Diagnosis
Pathogenesis is the cellular course of a disease from initial contact while clinical course describes the
evolution of the disease including acute vs chronic, preclinical and clinical, and the carrier status ANS
Pathogenesis vs clinical course
,An acute disorder is one that is short-lived while a subacute is intermediate or between acute and chronic.
A chronic disease is a long-term process. ANS Acute, subacute, chronic clinical courses
Medical history, lab results, physical exam, etc. ANS What factors are involved in the diagnostic
process?
1. reliability (if the observation is repeated will it give the same result) ,
2. validity ( they extend a measurement to a measured what it's supposed to),
3. sensitivity (Will it work for that person), and
4. specificity (only can be calculated from people who don't have the disease) for the measurement.
ANS Define reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity
When results of a patient are compared to a reference population which is established statistically from a
sample of people. ANS Normal value
Etiology is the cause of a disease while risk factors are weakly associated with a disease. ANS Risk
factor vs etiology
Morbidity refers to a permanent impairment while mortality refers to death rate ANS morbidity vs
mortality
Incidence reflects the number of new cases while prevalence is a measure of existing disease in a
population at a given point in time ANS Incidence vs. Prevalence
Cells respond to stress by adapting. Stress can be caused by
1. Imbalances of ions water or oxygen
2. Biological attack (virus/bacteria)
3. Increased or decreased temperature ANS How do cells respond to stress? 3 causes of stress
, the cell's response to and whether they're able to adapt by escaping and protecting itself from injury by
changing their size shape or the number of cells. ANS Cellular Adaptation
An increase in cell sized caused by increased workload, hormonal stimulation, or chemical stimulation.
ANS Hypertrophy
A reduction in cell size the Can come on naturally or physiologically. Caused by...
1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. In adequate nutrition
5. Environmental conditions
6. Ischemia ANS atrophy definition and 6 causes
Reduced blood flow or supply ANS Ischemia
An increase in the number of cells caused by chemical or hormonal stimulation. Usually epithelial cells.
Causes by
1. Hormonal dysfunction
2. Skin loss
3. Inflammation
4. Damage or disease ANS Hyperplasia
Replacing oneself with another type caused by chronic irritation or inflammation. Usually found in
epithelial or mesenchymal cells. Usually caused by environmental stimulus and inflammation ANS
Metaplasia
Abnormal differences in dividing cells causing abnormal size, shape and appearance. It's a response to
chronic irritation and inflammation. They are the precursor cells associate with neoplasia(cancer). Caused
by infection or viruses ANS Dysplasia
