BIO 345 Exam 4 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Research by Kann et al. used restriction mapping to create a phylogenetic
tree based on mtDNA. Their study was followed by Ingman et al., whose
results supported Kann's findings. If Ingman's results indicated greater
mitochondrial diversity in non-African mtDNA, how would this have
supported or disputed Kann et al.'s findings? - ✔✔this would have
disputed Kann et al.'s findings as their results indicated greater mtDNA
diversity within Africa than in the rest of the world combined
Sahelanthropus tchadensis was discovered in Chad in 2001 by Brunet et al.
It is an example of the difficulty researchers encounter when attempting to
classify a species as being definitively in the hominin lineage at this point
in geologic history. Why are fossils from this time period so difficult to
definitively place? - ✔✔TRUE:
1
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,- Fossils tend to be in poorer condition than others in hominin lineage
because of relatively great age.
- This is the time period right after the split of chimpanzees and hominins,
so it is difficult to place species based on morphological characters.
FALSE:
- Large areas of Africa are not accessible to researchers due to political and
social upheaval, limiting the number of fossils collected.
- We do not have technology that is advanced enough to provide accurate
reconstruction, so morphological characters are somewhat ambiguous.
Why is there still debate about hominin classification? - ✔✔all species in
the clade are extinct except for humans, and there are a limited number of
specimens, making it difficult to determine species boundaries from fossil
evidence
You are working as a cultural anthropologist and a paleontologist
colleague working in Europe has discovered a set of hominin fossils deep
2
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,in a cave that are relatively undisturbed. She has asked you to help verify
her species identification and has sent you detailed images of the fossils.
The skull of one fossil has a pronounced brow ridge with larger eyes and a
protruding jaw. In another chamber of the cave, a buried skeleton is lying
in a manner that indicates its final position was carefully arranged. The
hands are folded on the chest with the remains of a wooden flute. The
fossils of both skeletons have been dated to be approximately 35,000 years
old. How do you explain your colleague's findings? - ✔✔your friend has
likely discovered the remains of both H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens
which coexisted and interbred in areas of Europe
The evidence indicates the discovery of both species. The skull has the
distinguishing characteristics of a Neanderthal while the skeleton in
another chamber was ceremonially buried, as evidenced by the folded
hands. The musical instrument also indicates the second skeleton was that
of a modern human.
3
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, Hominins learned how to control and utilize fire in ways that may have
shaped the course of hominin evolution. Anthropologist Richard
Wrangham hypothesized a connection between fire use and morphological
changes that occurred in the hominin lineage leading to modern humans.
What was this hypothesis? - ✔✔the use of fire to cook food (as opposed to
eating raw food) provided large energetic stores that are easily consumed
and processed; this reduced nutritional challenge and resulted in distinct
morphological changes including a large increase in brain size
According to the out-of-Africa model, which statement accurately reflects
the approximate hominin lineage that ultimately led to modern humans,
Homo sapiens? - ✔✔homo ergaster arises in Africa and gives rise to homo
heidelbergensis. h. heidelbergensis gives rise to one branch that leads to
neanderthals and denisovans and one branch that leads to h. sapiens
Fossils of Proconsul indicate they were closely related to the common
ancestor of all living apes, but it is anatomically different from extant ape
species. What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes them from
4
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Answers 100% Pass
Research by Kann et al. used restriction mapping to create a phylogenetic
tree based on mtDNA. Their study was followed by Ingman et al., whose
results supported Kann's findings. If Ingman's results indicated greater
mitochondrial diversity in non-African mtDNA, how would this have
supported or disputed Kann et al.'s findings? - ✔✔this would have
disputed Kann et al.'s findings as their results indicated greater mtDNA
diversity within Africa than in the rest of the world combined
Sahelanthropus tchadensis was discovered in Chad in 2001 by Brunet et al.
It is an example of the difficulty researchers encounter when attempting to
classify a species as being definitively in the hominin lineage at this point
in geologic history. Why are fossils from this time period so difficult to
definitively place? - ✔✔TRUE:
1
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
,- Fossils tend to be in poorer condition than others in hominin lineage
because of relatively great age.
- This is the time period right after the split of chimpanzees and hominins,
so it is difficult to place species based on morphological characters.
FALSE:
- Large areas of Africa are not accessible to researchers due to political and
social upheaval, limiting the number of fossils collected.
- We do not have technology that is advanced enough to provide accurate
reconstruction, so morphological characters are somewhat ambiguous.
Why is there still debate about hominin classification? - ✔✔all species in
the clade are extinct except for humans, and there are a limited number of
specimens, making it difficult to determine species boundaries from fossil
evidence
You are working as a cultural anthropologist and a paleontologist
colleague working in Europe has discovered a set of hominin fossils deep
2
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
,in a cave that are relatively undisturbed. She has asked you to help verify
her species identification and has sent you detailed images of the fossils.
The skull of one fossil has a pronounced brow ridge with larger eyes and a
protruding jaw. In another chamber of the cave, a buried skeleton is lying
in a manner that indicates its final position was carefully arranged. The
hands are folded on the chest with the remains of a wooden flute. The
fossils of both skeletons have been dated to be approximately 35,000 years
old. How do you explain your colleague's findings? - ✔✔your friend has
likely discovered the remains of both H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens
which coexisted and interbred in areas of Europe
The evidence indicates the discovery of both species. The skull has the
distinguishing characteristics of a Neanderthal while the skeleton in
another chamber was ceremonially buried, as evidenced by the folded
hands. The musical instrument also indicates the second skeleton was that
of a modern human.
3
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
, Hominins learned how to control and utilize fire in ways that may have
shaped the course of hominin evolution. Anthropologist Richard
Wrangham hypothesized a connection between fire use and morphological
changes that occurred in the hominin lineage leading to modern humans.
What was this hypothesis? - ✔✔the use of fire to cook food (as opposed to
eating raw food) provided large energetic stores that are easily consumed
and processed; this reduced nutritional challenge and resulted in distinct
morphological changes including a large increase in brain size
According to the out-of-Africa model, which statement accurately reflects
the approximate hominin lineage that ultimately led to modern humans,
Homo sapiens? - ✔✔homo ergaster arises in Africa and gives rise to homo
heidelbergensis. h. heidelbergensis gives rise to one branch that leads to
neanderthals and denisovans and one branch that leads to h. sapiens
Fossils of Proconsul indicate they were closely related to the common
ancestor of all living apes, but it is anatomically different from extant ape
species. What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes them from
4
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