A Level History Edexcel: Tudors topic 1 100%satisfaction Guarantee

What was the Battle of Bosworth? - ANSWERS- 22 August 1485 - Henry had smaller force (5,000), however Richard's miscalculations cost him the battle - Stanley's (supposed to support Richard) stood at sidelines as Thomas was Henry's stepdad, Sir William committed troops to Henry, his troops attack Richard who is killed - Henry won, however nobility had betrayed their king and acted for their interests, could Henry really trust them? - Able to present victory as one given from God, Richard killed means opposition is removed What measures did Henry take to secure his throne? - ANSWERS- Crowned in a formal ceremony, chosen and anointed by God - Summoned parliament, who declared Henry as king beginning 21 August, the day before the Battle of Bosworth, so those who fought vs Henry considered traitors - Cancelled the Titulus Regius which had declared Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and children illegitimate, ensuring his marriage to Elizabeth of York would be legit under the law - Cemented Yorkist support by marrying Elizabeth Jan 1486, united feuding factions, especially when Arthur was born - Rewarded supporters, didn't execute much of opposition (John De La Pole and Earl of Northumberland freed) - Made House of Lords and Commons swear oath to him - Increased Crown's wealth through Act of Resumption - Didn't allow anyone to have more power/land than him What factions posed a threat to Henry's throne? - ANSWERS- Anti-Ricardian Yorkists, could've switched allegiance to rival, however this didn't happen due to Henry's promise to marry Elizabeth, Yorkists able to support Tudor dynasty - Hard line Richard III supporters, Thomas and Humphrey Stafford and Lord Lovell wanted to restore a Yorkist monarchy, tried to take advantage of Earl of Warwick escape rumour by raising rebellion in Midlands, Henry advanced and Staffords fled due to little support, Humphrey executed, Lovell tries to raise rebellion in Yorkshire, little support and revolt suppressed by Jasper Tudor, fled to Burgundy Who was Lambert Simnel? - ANSWERS- 1486, Young boy, no royal blood, imposter, trained by priest to act like prince, impersonates Earl of Warwick, led by John De La Pole - Henry parades real earl in streets, doesn't stop rebellion gaining support, Pole flees to Burgundy, Margaret of Burgundy uses money and power to raise troops, 2,000 German mercenaries - Sail to Ireland (trad. Yorkist power base), de la Pole and Lovell meet with Irish nobility (sympathetic to aims) - Irish and English Yorkists crown Simnel as King in Dublin and launch invasion, rebels arrive in North June 1487 and march South (Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland does nothing to stop them) - Henry had stupidly trusted Pole despite rumours of his involvement, ordered coasts to be guarded, gradually moved northwards and eastwards gathering men on the way, 8 May arrives at Kenilworth Castle (base), marched North and met rebels at Stoke - Battle of Stoke; German merc. well trained and equipped but Irish lacked body armour and suffered many losses, easy defeat, de la Pole killed, Lord Lovell disappears and never seen again - Simnel put to work in king's kitchen and later became king's falconer How serious was Simnel's threat? - ANSWERS- Rebel alliance was dangerous mix of rival claimants, angry Yorkists and foreign support - John De La Pole had better claim to throne to Henry VII - Rebels managed to raise army due to Margaret of Burg., support of Irish was crucial in early successes would have been hard without them for rebels to find base and sustain challenge - Henry's position undermined as he didn't realise de la Pole's threat - Henry was able to defeat rebels due to mistakes, little support and decisive actions on his behalf, mercenaries were paid but had no loyalty to cause, Irish nobility stayed in Ireland, no support when rebels reached England due to elite preferring stability and order enabling Henry to gain support, prepared to lead army How did Henry strengthen his throne after Simnel's rebellion? - ANSWERS- 1487 November; calls parliament, passes 28 Act of Attainder (declare guilt without trial) vs rebels, memb. of council given authority to deal w/local disorder Who was Perkin Warbeck? - ANSWERS-1491; another pretender emerges in Ireland, uncertainty about background made his claim to be Richard, Duke of York (younger of Princes in the Tower) harder to disprove, supported by French King Charles VIII, Margaret of Burg., Scottish King James IV - Irish support fails to materialise, King Charles VIII invites Warbeck to France (1492), Henry's prompt actions mean he is soon not welcome - Goes to Burgundy, Margaret recognises him as her nephew - Agents from Burgundy infiltrate England and try recruit supporters 1493-94, Sir William Stanley implicated in plot (Jan 1495 executed) - July 1495 Warbeck attempts to land in Kent with 300 soldiers, fails to gain support, flees, soldiers executed - Moves to Scotland, Sept 1496 tries to invade England with 1,400 men, unable to raise support in North, back to Scotland -1497; Forced to raise taxes to fund army to fight Warbeck, demand results in rebellion (15,000) in Cornwall June, forced to divert troops from protecting North to Kent to defeat rebels (1,000 killed) - James IV tires in support, Warbeck goes to Ireland, fails to gain support, tries Cornwall trying to take advantage of unrest, 300 men, 3,000-8,000 support from Cornwall (no gentry or nobility), driven out by soldiers and citizens, Warbeck moves to Taunton where he is captured - Henry treated Warbeck well, June 1498 tries to escape, arrested , put in Tower, plots/tricked by Earl of Warwick, Warbeck hanged, Warwick beheaded How did Henry overcome Warbeck's challenge? - ANSWERS- Was much more secure due to time on throne and building dynasty, used children to create foreign alliances - 1489 alliance with Spain - More resources and power than Warbeck who was unable to sustain support, invasions in 1495,96 and 97 all failed due to lack of local support - Even with Cornwall support, Henry was too strong due to established network of spies, in 1495 Henry had troops and defences waiting, and effective chains of command (able to coordinate military responses) - Successful use of punishments and rewards, awarded those loyal to him and ruthless towards suspected nobility and gentry Did Warbeck pose a threat to Henry's throne? - ANSWERS- Recieved support from foreign powers and evaded capture from 1491-97, under protection of France, Burgundy and Scotland Henry couldn't do anything but negotiate - Stern response of Henry deterred any potential plotters - If Warbeck had arrived while the Kent rebellion was ocurring May-June 1497 he may have had sizeable support but he arrived in September when Henry was prepared - Didn't result in Battle like Simnel, Henry had much more experience, Warbeck's threat never became serious due to loyal nobility who controlled localities and plotters were dealt with seriously Irish support for pretenders - ANSWERS- Geographically and politically remote - Good launching pad for invasions of England - Only way to neutralise threats was to negotiate with Irish gentry and nobility - Kildare, Yorkish supporter, provided Simnel with troops and base, Henry unable ti fight Kildare didn't have military strength to interfere with Irish affairs - Reluctant to get involved with Warbeck, which is why he couldn't raise Irish military support Burgundy support for pretenders - ANSWERS- Margaret was sister of Richard III, influenced Burgundian policies, tried to restore York monarch and provided protection and support for Yorkist plotters - 1496, signs treaty to stop supporting Warbeck, would lose land if she disobeyed, in exchange of trade ban to be lifted French support for pretenders - ANSWERS- Support Warbeck, Henry launches invasion Oct 1492, Charles immediately agrees to negotiate - Treaty signed, Charles won't harbour Henry's enemies, annual pension, stopped French threat Scottish support for pretenders - ANSWERS- Support Warbeck, James IV plotted against England, provides army - Invasion is short and unsuccessful 1496 -1947; grew tired of supporting Warbeck, so Warbeck leaves - 7 Year Truce of Ayton