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NU 673 Midterm Exam questions and solutions

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NU 673 Midterm Exam questions and solutionsNU 673 Midterm Exam questions and solutionsNU 673 Midterm Exam questions and solutionsNU 673 Midterm Exam questions and solutions

Institution
NU 673 M
Module
NU 673 M











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Institution
NU 673 M
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NU 673 M

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March 5, 2025
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NU673MidtermExam .m .m .m




1. This consistsof aggregations of neuro-nalcell bodies.Itrimsthesurfaces of the
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cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
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A. Graymatter m.




B. White matter:A.Gray matter m. m
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- Deep in the brain lie additional clusters of gray matter (Fig.17-2).These include the
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basal ganglia, which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothala- mus
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structures in the diencephalon.The thalamus processes sensory impulses andrelays
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them to the cerebralcortex.The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis (Bickley)
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- and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.The hypothalamus
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affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and
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sexual drive.Hormones secreted in the hypothalamus act directlyon the pitu- itary
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gland. (Bickley)
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Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
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2. This consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin
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sheaths, which create the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more
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rapidly.
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A. Graymatter m.




B. White matter:B.White matter m. m
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- The internal capsule is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge
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fromallparts of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem.The brainstem, which
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connects the upperpartof the brain with the spinal cord, has threesec- tions: the midbrain,
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the pons, and the medulla. (Bickley)
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Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
.m m. m. m. .m m.




3. Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemi- m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.




spheres and a structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem
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A. Reticular activating system m. m.




B. Cerebellum:A.Reticular activating system m
. .m m. m.




- Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a .m .m .m .m .m .m .m .m .m .m




structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem, the reticular activating (arousal)
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system.
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- The cerebellum, which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and helps
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maintain the body upright in space. (Bickley)
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, NU673MidtermExam .m .m .m




Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
.m .m .m m
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
.m m. m. m. .m m.




4. Determine how many segements of the ff m. m. m. m. m. m.




A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral:A.Cervical C1-C8 m
. .m m.




B.Thoracic T1-T12
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C.Lumbar L1-L5 .m m.




D.Sacral S1-S5 .m m.




5. Thisregulatesmusclemovementsandresponsetothesensationsoftouch and
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pain
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A. Somatic
B. Autonomic:A.Somatic m
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- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of both CNs and periph- eral nerves tha
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project to the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs.It controls the somaticnervous
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system,whichregulatesmusclemove-mentsandresponsetothe sensations of touch
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and pain, and the autonomic nervous system that connects to internal organs and
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gener- ates autonomic reflex responses.The autonomic ner- vous system consists of
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the sympathetic nervous system, which "mobilizes organs and their functions during
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times of stress and arousal, and the para- sympathetic nervous system, which
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conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation."5 (Bickley)
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Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
.m .m .m m
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
.m m. m. m. .m m.




6. Determine the pairs of peripheral nerves m. m. m. m. m.




A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
E. Coccygeal:A.Cervical- 8 m
. .m m.




B. Thoracic- 12 m.




C. Lumbar- 5 m.




D. Sacral- 5 m.




E. Coccygeal- 1 m.




- The PNS includes spinal and peripheral nerves that carry impulses to and from the
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cord.A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord:8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
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lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.Each nerve has an anterior (ventral)
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, NU673MidtermExam .m .m .m




rootcontainingmotorfibers,anda posterior (dorsal) rootcontainingsensoryfibers. The
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anterior and posterior roots merge to form a short spinal nerve, <5 mm long.
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Spinal nerve fibers commingle with similar fibers from other levels in plexuses outside th
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cord, from which peripheral nerves emerge.Most peripheral nerves contain both sensor
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(afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers.(Bickley)
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Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
.m .m .m m
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
.m m. m. m. .m m.




7. Determine the Cranial Nerve: m. m. m.




Oflactory:senseofsmell A. I m
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B. Ii
C. III
D. IV
E. V
F. Vi
G. VII
H. VIIi
I. IX
J. X
K. Xi
L. XII:XII Hypoglossal motor tongue
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8. Determine the Cranial Nerve: m. m. m.




Optic:vision m
.




A. II
B. I
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C. III
D. IV
E. VI
F. V
G. VIII
H. VII
I. IX
J. XI
K. X
L. XII:A.II m
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9. This mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or
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delicatemovementsbystim-ulatingselectedmuscularactionsandinhibiting
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others.They also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension
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, NU673MidtermExam .m .m .m




maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed.(Bickley) m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m
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A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract m. m.




B. Basal Ganglia m.




C. Cerebellar system:A.Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract m. m
. .m m. m.




- The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract.The corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary
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movementandintegrateskilled,complicated,ordelicatemovementsbystim-ulating
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selectedmuscularactionsandinhibitingothers.Theyalsocarryimpulsesthatinhibit
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muscletone,theslighttensionmaintainedbynormalmuscleevenwhenitisrelaxed. The
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corticospinal tracts originate in the motor cortex of the brain (Fig.17-6).Motor fibers
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travel down into the lower medulla, where they form an anatomical structure resembling
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a pyramid.
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- There,mostofthesefiberscrosstotheoppositeorcontralateralsideofthemedul- la,
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continue downward, and synapse with anterior horn cells or with intermediate
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neurons.TractssynapsinginthebrainstemwithmotornucleioftheCNsaretermed
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corticobulbar.
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ÏThebasal ganglia system.This exceedinglycomplex system includes motorpath- ways
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between the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord.It helps to
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maintain muscle tone and to control body movements, espe- cially gross automatic
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movements such as walking.
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ÏThe cerebellar system.The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input and
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coordinates motoractivity, maintains equilibrium, and helpsto control posture. (Bickley)
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Bickley,LynnS.Bates'GuidetoPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTaking,12th Edition.
.m .m .m m
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Wolters Kluwer Health, 20160620.VitalBook file.
.m m. m. m. .m m.




10. Whenuppermotorneuronsystemsaredamagedabovetheircrossoverin the m
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medulla, motor impairment develops on and becomes (STA)
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A. Ipsilateral
B. Contralateral
C. Exaggerated reflex m.




D. Lackof reflex:B.Contralateral & C.Exaggerated reflex m
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- When upper motor neuron systems are dam- aged above their crossover in the
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medulla,motorimpairmentdevelopsontheoppositeorcontralateralside.Indamage
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below the crossover, motor impairment occurs on the same or ipsi- lateral side of the
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body (Bickley)
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- slow-nessorlackofspontaneousandautomaticmovementstermedbradykinesia, and
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various involuntary movements. (Bickley)
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