PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST EXAM 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
dura mater - ANSWER Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double
layered.
dural sinuses - ANSWER Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous
blood and CSF for return to general circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - ANSWER Area of thoracic cavity between lungs.
Location of trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
pericardial sac - ANSWER Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled,
anchors heart to diaphragm.
endocardium - ANSWER inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - ANSWER separates L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - ANSWER pacemaker
sinus rhythm - ANSWER basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70
beats per minute)
location of sinoatrial node - ANSWER right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - ANSWER Spreads through atrial
conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - ANSWER Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here
after SA node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - ANSWER Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only
anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of conduction
system.
AV bundle - other name - ANSWER Bundle of His - other name
,ECG - what does it do - ANSWER Records electrical changes sent by
conduction impulses as picked up by electrodes
apoptosis - ANSWER normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - ANSWER originating from within the body
exogenous - ANSWER originating from outside the body
A child fell off the swing and scraped her knee. The injured area becomes
red and painful. Which of the following would also occur?
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C) Fluid movement from tissue to vessels
D) Edema at injured site - ANSWER d
The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory
response through the process of:
A) cytokinesis.
B) endocytosis.
C) degranulation.
D) hemolysis. - ANSWER c
A 13-year-old female fell on her knee while skating. The area became
inflamed and sore to touch. Which of the following would result from
activation of the plasma system secondary to her injury?
A) Mast cell degranulation
B) Release of cellular products
C) Cellular infiltration
D) Pathogenic invasion - ANSWER c
A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia (lung infection).
Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration
at the site of this advanced inflammatory response?
A) Serous
B) Purulent
C) Hemorrhagic
D) Fibrinous - ANSWER d
In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response:
A) is more effective at fighting microorganisms.
,B) is faster.
C) recognizes specific invaders.
D) has no memory. - ANSWER c
The primary cell of immunity is the:
A) mast cell.
B) macrophage.
C) neutrophil.
D) lymphocyte. - ANSWER d
Humoral immunity is generated through the process of:
A) direct cell lysis.
B) stimulating an inflammatory response.
C) producing antibodies.
D) secreting toxic molecules. - ANSWER c
If a person has resistance to a disease from natural exposure to an
antigen, the person has which form of immunity?
A) Natural
B) Innate
C) Passive acquired
D) Active naturally acquired - ANSWER d
Molecules that are capable of inducing an immune response are called:
A) lymphocytes.
B) haptens.
C) antigens.
D) antibodies. - ANSWER c
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous antigen?
A) Poison ivy
B) Injected medications
C) Pollen
D) The body's own tissue - ANSWER d
The condition in which the immune cells attack the individual's own tissues
as if they were invaders is called:
A) alloimmunity.
B) autoimmunity.
C) hypersensitivity.
, D) graft rejection. - ANSWER b
Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing:
A) cellular RNA.
B) major histocompatibility antigens.
C) different types of phospholipids in a cell's membrane.
D) "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells. - ANSWER b
Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the
following cells?
A) Red blood cells
B) B lymphocytes and macrophages only
C) All body cells except for red blood cells
D) Liver, heart, and bone marrow cells only - ANSWER c
Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during
an immune response?
A) Plasma cells
B) T cells
C) Memory cells
D) Pluripotent cells - ANSWER a
Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their
antigen to the immune system and activating an immune response?
A) Helper T cell
B) Mast cell
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage - ANSWER d
Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune
responses?
A) Plasma cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) Helper T cells - ANSWER d
CD4 receptors that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are
found on:
A) helper T cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
dura mater - ANSWER Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double
layered.
dural sinuses - ANSWER Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous
blood and CSF for return to general circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - ANSWER Area of thoracic cavity between lungs.
Location of trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
pericardial sac - ANSWER Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled,
anchors heart to diaphragm.
endocardium - ANSWER inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - ANSWER separates L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - ANSWER pacemaker
sinus rhythm - ANSWER basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70
beats per minute)
location of sinoatrial node - ANSWER right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - ANSWER Spreads through atrial
conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - ANSWER Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here
after SA node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - ANSWER Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only
anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of conduction
system.
AV bundle - other name - ANSWER Bundle of His - other name
,ECG - what does it do - ANSWER Records electrical changes sent by
conduction impulses as picked up by electrodes
apoptosis - ANSWER normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - ANSWER originating from within the body
exogenous - ANSWER originating from outside the body
A child fell off the swing and scraped her knee. The injured area becomes
red and painful. Which of the following would also occur?
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C) Fluid movement from tissue to vessels
D) Edema at injured site - ANSWER d
The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory
response through the process of:
A) cytokinesis.
B) endocytosis.
C) degranulation.
D) hemolysis. - ANSWER c
A 13-year-old female fell on her knee while skating. The area became
inflamed and sore to touch. Which of the following would result from
activation of the plasma system secondary to her injury?
A) Mast cell degranulation
B) Release of cellular products
C) Cellular infiltration
D) Pathogenic invasion - ANSWER c
A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia (lung infection).
Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration
at the site of this advanced inflammatory response?
A) Serous
B) Purulent
C) Hemorrhagic
D) Fibrinous - ANSWER d
In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response:
A) is more effective at fighting microorganisms.
,B) is faster.
C) recognizes specific invaders.
D) has no memory. - ANSWER c
The primary cell of immunity is the:
A) mast cell.
B) macrophage.
C) neutrophil.
D) lymphocyte. - ANSWER d
Humoral immunity is generated through the process of:
A) direct cell lysis.
B) stimulating an inflammatory response.
C) producing antibodies.
D) secreting toxic molecules. - ANSWER c
If a person has resistance to a disease from natural exposure to an
antigen, the person has which form of immunity?
A) Natural
B) Innate
C) Passive acquired
D) Active naturally acquired - ANSWER d
Molecules that are capable of inducing an immune response are called:
A) lymphocytes.
B) haptens.
C) antigens.
D) antibodies. - ANSWER c
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous antigen?
A) Poison ivy
B) Injected medications
C) Pollen
D) The body's own tissue - ANSWER d
The condition in which the immune cells attack the individual's own tissues
as if they were invaders is called:
A) alloimmunity.
B) autoimmunity.
C) hypersensitivity.
, D) graft rejection. - ANSWER b
Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing:
A) cellular RNA.
B) major histocompatibility antigens.
C) different types of phospholipids in a cell's membrane.
D) "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells. - ANSWER b
Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the
following cells?
A) Red blood cells
B) B lymphocytes and macrophages only
C) All body cells except for red blood cells
D) Liver, heart, and bone marrow cells only - ANSWER c
Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during
an immune response?
A) Plasma cells
B) T cells
C) Memory cells
D) Pluripotent cells - ANSWER a
Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their
antigen to the immune system and activating an immune response?
A) Helper T cell
B) Mast cell
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage - ANSWER d
Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune
responses?
A) Plasma cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) Helper T cells - ANSWER d
CD4 receptors that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are
found on:
A) helper T cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
