Microbiology Midterm Exam 2025:Questions and Answers
___________ is the most useful for certain types of DNA? - ansTransformation
1) conjugation - ansaka bacterial sex
2 related species (donor/recipient) transfer a plasmid through a pilus
2) transduction - ansbacterial transfer mediated through a bacterial virus. a bacteriopahge is a virus that can
infect a bacteria. It takes a gene from one bacteria and carries it to the other bacterial cell. the bacteria are
NOT attached. Onve virus takes a piece of the bacterial dan and it bursts and the viruses infect other bacteria
and incorporates itself into the new bacteria's DNA. (viruses have 2 stages: lytic (reproduce/rupture) and latent
(virus invades and incorporates itself into the DNA))
3) transformation - ansthe gene from a virus or dead bacteria can go into live bacteria making it more virulent.
this is the basis of cloning. transfer of naked DNA that requires no special vehicle
aerobic microorganism - ansgrow well in the presence of normal atmospheric oxygen and possess enzymes to
process toxic oxygen product
anabolism - anssynthesis of cells, molecules, or structures
anaerobe - ansdo not grow in normal atmospheric oxygen, lacks metabolic enzyme to use oxygen
antagonism - ansparasitism when members of a community compete.
antibiotic - ansnatural substance. produced by a microorganism that is harmful to another microorganism
antimicrobial chemotherapy - ansdestroy microorganisms with chemicals!!!!!
,Antiviral drugs - ansless effective than antibacterial drugs. Development is difficult because the virus
manipulates the cell and uses the cell from inside. In order to destroy a virus, you must destroy its host cell--
the fault and where this research needs to be developed. Viruses infect cells, duplicate their Dna/Rna and host
cell bursts. NONE of the antiviral drugs today can kill the virus
antiviral drugs control replication by: - ans1: barring adsorption/penetration of the virus into host cell
2: blocking transcription and translation of viral molecules
3: preventing the maturation of viral particles
Antiviral drugs mimc the structure of nucleotides and compete for sites on replicating DNA.
Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections
appendages - ansattached to bacteria on one side, the other side is "free"
archebacteria - ansless common type of bacteria. do not produce peptidoglycan and can live in extreme
environments
arrangement - anscocci: single, paired, tetrad, cluster, chain. bacilli: single, paired, chain, palisade
attachment appendages - ansfimbriae and pili
axial filament - answrap around the cell and cause spiral like movements. has only two parts: a long thin
microfibril inserted into a hook.
B-lactan drugs (penicillin and cephalosporin) - ansthese drugs can block enzymes required to build
peptidoglycan and prevent the synthesis of the cell wall in gram + bacteria. they don't work in gram - bacteria
which are equipped with additional coating in the cell wall, in addition to peptidoglycan
, bacillus - ansshort: coccobacilli, long: spirilum, spirochetes
Bacterial cytoplasm - anscontains ribosomes, granules, no organelles
Bacterial endospore - ansdormant structure for withstanding hostile conditions, formed when conditions are
unfavorable. When favorable conditions arise, endospore can germinate. not all bacteria can form spores
bacterial growth - ansin size, and in number. Bacterial growth is measured by how many there are in a
population, not individual size
Bacterial metabolism - anscellular chemical changes resulting from all chemical reactions and the physical
working of the cell. anabolism, catabolism
Bacterial nucleus - ansnot surrounded by membrane, does not have mitotic apparatus, observable in stained
cells
Bacterial ribosomes - ansbacteria has different proteins and rna that differ from eukaryotic cells, many
antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis, membrane bound if engaged in protein synthesis
bacteriocidal - anskill bacteria. penicillin is effective against new baby bacterial cells but no effect on
older/dormant bacterial cells. When it inhibits cell wall synthesis in young cells, the following happens:
damaged membrane, metabolic insufficiency, lysis and cell death
binary fission - answhen a cell divides into two. the chromosomes duplicate, cytoplasm splits into equal halves,
each with one set of chromosomes. one cell becomes two. aka transverse fission
budding - anssmall protuberance develops at one end of the cell. It enlarges and eventually develops into a
new cell that separates from the parent cell
capsule - ansthick, gummy consistency. It is tightly bound to the bacteria and is not easily washed off
___________ is the most useful for certain types of DNA? - ansTransformation
1) conjugation - ansaka bacterial sex
2 related species (donor/recipient) transfer a plasmid through a pilus
2) transduction - ansbacterial transfer mediated through a bacterial virus. a bacteriopahge is a virus that can
infect a bacteria. It takes a gene from one bacteria and carries it to the other bacterial cell. the bacteria are
NOT attached. Onve virus takes a piece of the bacterial dan and it bursts and the viruses infect other bacteria
and incorporates itself into the new bacteria's DNA. (viruses have 2 stages: lytic (reproduce/rupture) and latent
(virus invades and incorporates itself into the DNA))
3) transformation - ansthe gene from a virus or dead bacteria can go into live bacteria making it more virulent.
this is the basis of cloning. transfer of naked DNA that requires no special vehicle
aerobic microorganism - ansgrow well in the presence of normal atmospheric oxygen and possess enzymes to
process toxic oxygen product
anabolism - anssynthesis of cells, molecules, or structures
anaerobe - ansdo not grow in normal atmospheric oxygen, lacks metabolic enzyme to use oxygen
antagonism - ansparasitism when members of a community compete.
antibiotic - ansnatural substance. produced by a microorganism that is harmful to another microorganism
antimicrobial chemotherapy - ansdestroy microorganisms with chemicals!!!!!
,Antiviral drugs - ansless effective than antibacterial drugs. Development is difficult because the virus
manipulates the cell and uses the cell from inside. In order to destroy a virus, you must destroy its host cell--
the fault and where this research needs to be developed. Viruses infect cells, duplicate their Dna/Rna and host
cell bursts. NONE of the antiviral drugs today can kill the virus
antiviral drugs control replication by: - ans1: barring adsorption/penetration of the virus into host cell
2: blocking transcription and translation of viral molecules
3: preventing the maturation of viral particles
Antiviral drugs mimc the structure of nucleotides and compete for sites on replicating DNA.
Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections
appendages - ansattached to bacteria on one side, the other side is "free"
archebacteria - ansless common type of bacteria. do not produce peptidoglycan and can live in extreme
environments
arrangement - anscocci: single, paired, tetrad, cluster, chain. bacilli: single, paired, chain, palisade
attachment appendages - ansfimbriae and pili
axial filament - answrap around the cell and cause spiral like movements. has only two parts: a long thin
microfibril inserted into a hook.
B-lactan drugs (penicillin and cephalosporin) - ansthese drugs can block enzymes required to build
peptidoglycan and prevent the synthesis of the cell wall in gram + bacteria. they don't work in gram - bacteria
which are equipped with additional coating in the cell wall, in addition to peptidoglycan
, bacillus - ansshort: coccobacilli, long: spirilum, spirochetes
Bacterial cytoplasm - anscontains ribosomes, granules, no organelles
Bacterial endospore - ansdormant structure for withstanding hostile conditions, formed when conditions are
unfavorable. When favorable conditions arise, endospore can germinate. not all bacteria can form spores
bacterial growth - ansin size, and in number. Bacterial growth is measured by how many there are in a
population, not individual size
Bacterial metabolism - anscellular chemical changes resulting from all chemical reactions and the physical
working of the cell. anabolism, catabolism
Bacterial nucleus - ansnot surrounded by membrane, does not have mitotic apparatus, observable in stained
cells
Bacterial ribosomes - ansbacteria has different proteins and rna that differ from eukaryotic cells, many
antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis, membrane bound if engaged in protein synthesis
bacteriocidal - anskill bacteria. penicillin is effective against new baby bacterial cells but no effect on
older/dormant bacterial cells. When it inhibits cell wall synthesis in young cells, the following happens:
damaged membrane, metabolic insufficiency, lysis and cell death
binary fission - answhen a cell divides into two. the chromosomes duplicate, cytoplasm splits into equal halves,
each with one set of chromosomes. one cell becomes two. aka transverse fission
budding - anssmall protuberance develops at one end of the cell. It enlarges and eventually develops into a
new cell that separates from the parent cell
capsule - ansthick, gummy consistency. It is tightly bound to the bacteria and is not easily washed off
