EPA LEAD INSPECTOR EXAM AND ACTUAL EXAM 110 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|AGRADE

EPA LEAD INSPECTOR EXAM AND ACTUAL EXAM 110 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|AGRADE A HEPA vacuum is. . . - ANSWER-A vacuum cleaner which has been designed with a HEPA filter (A filter capable of removing particles of 0.3 microns or larger from air at 99.97 percent or greater) as the last filtration stage. The vacuum cleaner must be designed so that all the air drawn into the machine is expelled through the HEPA filter with none of the air leaking past it A paint-chip sample must be ____________ in size - ANSWER-two by two inches, 4 in^2 and to the nearest 1/8th of an inch. A reporting limit is... - ANSWER-This value describes what a laboratory has determined as the lowest lead value it can report with sufficient confidence (such as 95% confidence) for the amount of the analyte (e.g., lead) in the matrix of interest (e.g., paint, dust, or soil). A visual inspection determines. . . - ANSWER-A visual inspection determines whether the work on all interior and exterior surfaces to be treated was in fact completed and to ensure that no visible settled dust or debris are present. Advantages of composite wipe sampling included. . . - ANSWER-- a lower cost per surface sampled - increased surface area that can be wiped for the same cost Air - ANSWER-worker exposure to airborne lead is monitored by OSHA and NIOSH - Action level for airborne lead is 30 µg/m^3 for an 8 hour shift. - PEL is 50 µg/m^3 All laboratories used must be recognized by one of the organizations in the EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP). At this time, 2 organizations have memoranda of understanding with EPA to evaluate and recognize laboratories, they are. . . . - ANSWER-American Association for Laboratory Accreditation ( A2LA) American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) An inspector must be able to... - ANSWER-- be knowledgeable about the performance & limitations of all lead testing technique and methods -familiar with all lead testing methods and sample techniques & standards - able to perform math calculations -skilled in understanding results - can make objective decisions -able to implement and interpret quality control procedures Any wipe material that meets the following criteria may be used: - ANSWER-1. contains low background lead levels ( less than 5 µg/wipe) 2. is a single thickness 3. is durable and does not tear easily (do not use Whatman filters) 4. does not not contain ALOE 5. can be digested easily in a NLLAP approved Lab 6. has been shown to yeild 80-120% recovery rates from samples spiked with lead dust 7. Remains moist during the wipe sampling process Apron - ANSWER-Wood facing below the sill on windows, in the corner formed at the wall surface Bare Soil - ANSWER-Soil not covered with grass, sod, some other similar vegetation, or paving, including the sand in sandboxes. Blank media should contain no more than _____ µg/wipe - ANSWER-5 µg/wipe Blank Sample - ANSWER-An unexposed sample of the medium being used for testing (i.e., wipe or filter) that is analyzed to determine if the medium has been contaminated with lead (e.g., at the factory or during transport). Blind Sample - ANSWER-A sample submitted for analysis that has a known composition and identity that is not known to the analyst; used to test the analyst's or laboratory's proficiency in conducting measurements. AKA as spiked sample Can lead-based paint inspectors collect water samples? - ANSWER-No. Title X does not define lead contamination in water as a lead-based paint hazard. Additionally, under the EPA training and certification rules, (Section 402 of TSCA), water sampling is included as a part of a risk assessment, not an INSPECTION. Therefore, lead-based paint inspectors cannot collect water samples or recommend corrective measures. Centimeter conversion to meter - ANSWER-Centimeter is 1/100 of a meter Chewable surface - ANSWER-An interior or exterior surface painted with lead-based paint that a young child can mouth or chew. A chewable surface is the same as an "accessible surface" as defined in 42 U.S.C. 4851b(2). Hard metal substrates and other materials that cannot be dented by the bite of a young child are not considered chewable. Child-occupied facilities are defined as... - ANSWER-a building or portion of a building, constructed prior to 1978, visited by the same child, 6 years of age or younger, on at LEAST 2 different days within any week, provided that each days visit last at LEAST 3 hours, the combined weekly visits last at least 6 hours, and the combined annual visits last at least 60 hours. Ex. day-care center, housing, pre-school, kindergarten classroom Common area - ANSWER-A room or area that is accessible to residents of more than one dwelling unit (e.g., hallways or lobbies); in general, any area not kept locked. Contract laws are defined as. . . - ANSWER-Contract law relates to situations in which a person breaks or "breaches" a legally enforceable written or oral agreement or contract Contract liability is defined as. . . - ANSWER-contract liability is based on legally enforceable agreements or contracts, either written or oral. Oral agreements are enforceable , however, written contracts are controlling. Corrected lead concentration - ANSWER-The absolute difference between the Apparent Lead Concentration and the Substrate Equivalent Lead. Deciliter (dL) to liter conversion - ANSWER-A deciliter is 1/10 of a liter Define "Lead-Containing paint" . . . - ANSWER-As defined by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, paint or other similar surface coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.009 percent by weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film (see 16 CFR 1303.1(c)) Define a "competent person" - ANSWER-As defined in the OSHA Lead Construction Standard (29 CFR 1926.62), a person who is capable of identifying or predicting hazardous working conditions and work areas, and who has authorization to take prompt, corrective measures to eliminate the hazards. A competent person may also be a risk assessor, inspector, abatement project supervisor or certified renovator; however, certification on its own does not give a person the authority to take corrective action, which a competent person must have. Define Abatement - ANSWER-A measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards or lead-based paint. Abatement strategies include the removal of lead-based paint, enclosure, encapsulation, replacement of building components coated with lead-based paint, removal of lead-contaminated dust, and removal of lead-contaminated soil or overlaying of soil with a durable covering such as asphalt (grass and sod are considered interim control measures). All of these strategies require preparation; cleanup; waste disposal; post-abatement clearance testing; recordkeeping; and, if applicable, monitoring. Define accredited training provider - ANSWER-A training provider who meets the standards established by EPA (or an EPA-authorized State or Tribe) for the training of risk assessors, inspectors, abatement supervisors, abatement workers, renovators, and dust sampling technicians. Define Accuracy - ANSWER-the degree of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value (a "true" value); a data quality indicator. Accuracy includes a combination of random errors (precision) and systematic errors (bias) due to sampling and analysis. Define Action Level - ANSWER-the level at which an employer must begin certain compliance activities outlined in the OSHA lead standard. The action level, regardless of respirator use, for the lead in construction standard is an airborne concentration of 30 µg/m^3 calculated as an 8-hour TWA. Define Administrative removal - ANSWER-The temporary removal of workers from the job to prevent the concentration of lead in their blood from reaching levels requiring medical removal. Define Clearance Verification? - ANSWER-After a successful clearance visual inspection, the certified renovator must verify that each windowsill, uncarpeted floor and countertop in the work area has been adequately cleaned by wiping them with wet disposable cleaning cloths that are damp to the touch. If a cloth matches or is lighter than an EPA cleaning verification card, the surface passes; if not, it has to be recleaned and reverified. Define containment - ANSWER-A process to protect workers and the environment by controlling exposures to the lead contaminated dust and debris created during abatement, interim controls or lead-safe renovation. Define dust-spiked sample - ANSWER-A dust-spiked sample is defined as a wipe or filter containing a known weight of lead-based paint dust, measured to the NEAREST 0.1µg of lead dust. A dust-spiked sample is prepared in a lab with the amount of lead-based dust present being between 50 to 1,000 µg. If the lab fails to obtain readings within the QA/QC error limits (80-120%), TWO more spiked samples should be sent immediately to the lab for analysis. If either of the 2 additional spiked samples fail, the sample batch should be considered INVALID. Define Paint Stabilization - ANSWER-The process of wet scraping, priming, and repainting surfaces coated with deteriorated lead-based paint. Paint stabilization also includes eliminating the cause(s) of paint deterioration, cleanup and clearance. Define substrate - ANSWER-the material underneath the paint. Many substrates exist, but the HUD guidelines recommend classifying into one of the 6 substrates: 1. Brick 2. Concrete 3. Drywall 4. metal 5. Plaster 6. Wood direct observation (QA/QC) - ANSWER-Direct observation by a knowledgeable observer during lead-based paint testing can be an effective evaluation tool. This evaluation must be conducted by someone who is familiar with HUD inspection protocol. Disadvantages of composite wipe sampling included. . . - ANSWER-- information on a specific sampling location is lost - labs will have to adopt special handling and digestion procedures Dripline/foundation area - ANSWER-The area within 3 feet out from the building wall and surrounding the perimeter of a building. During a visual inspection, the inspector should pay special attention to. . . - ANSWER-1. Areas: areas where lead paint has been removed adjacent to intact paint 2. Windows: these should be checked for paint in hard-to-reach areas, especially sills, thresholds, the tops of parting bead areas, and under the lips of window sills. 3. Sealing and repainting Encapsulation - ANSWER-Any covering or coating that acts as a barrier between lead-based paint and the environment, the durability of which relies on adhesion and the integrity of the existing bonds between multiple layers of paint and between the paint and the substrate. Enclosure - ANSWER-The use of rigid, durable construction materials that are mechanically fastened to the substrate to act as a barrier between the lead-based paint and the environment. Enclosures do what during the abatement process? - ANSWER-Completed installation of enclosure systems, such as new drywall, paneling, or siding, can be best evaluated by direct visual observations. The inspector should ensure that all seams and edges in the enclosure should be sealed to provide a "dust-tight", not air-tight, system. experts agree childhood lead poisoning can be attributed to - ANSWER-1. Lead based paint in housing 2. lead in interior/exterior surface dust (through hand-to-mouth transmission) 3. urban soil (contaminated from lead-based paint, gasoline, and industrial sources) 4. drinking water (primarily from leaded solder; brass fittings and fixtures; and service lines) Exposure to high concentrations of lead can cause? - ANSWER-Retardation Convulsions Coma Death Exposure to radiation is affected by three important factors: - ANSWER-1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding Exterior work area is. . . - ANSWER-For lead hazard control work, the exterior work area includes any exterior building components, such as roofs, exterior walls, the exterior portions of windows and doors, exterior stairways, fences, and unenclosed porches and patios; the safety perimeter; and access barriers, where work is being done, and the pathways and storage areas used to access those components Failure to adhere to the statues and regulations applicable to lead-based paint inspections could result in a range of penalties or sanctions by governmental authorities against the inspector. These include the following: - ANSWER-1. fines 2. loss of license 3. criminal prosecution for causing injury to a child 4. injunctions- prohibition against doing business; and or 5. cease works order Field Blank Sample - ANSWER-A clean sample of the matrix (e.g., filter, or wipe) that has been exposed to the sampling conditions; returned to the laboratory; and analyzed as an environmental sample. Clean quartz sand, air sampling filters and cassettes, and clean wipes can be used as field blanks. The field blank, which should be treated just like the sample, indicates possible sources of contamination. Florescence is defined as - ANSWER-Both Cobalt-57 and Cadmium-109 emit energy in the form of x-rays and gamma rays. When these rays are released from an XRF analyzer and hit a painted surface, the elements in the paint matrix - which can include lead - are "excited" and respond by emitting energy in the form of x-rays characteristic of each element. This response is known as fluorescence. For single-family housing, the HUD Guidelines recommend XRF testing on at least. . . - ANSWER-1. One location PER testing combination, except interior and exterior walls 2. four readings, one on each wall Households that have lead levels above 15 ppb in 1 liter sample should take the following steps to limit lead exposure: - ANSWER-1. running tap water for 30-60 seconds before use 2. never using water from the hot water tap for drinking or cooking 3. not boiling water longer than necessary for making baby formula 4. checking for lead solder How are percentages computed for the classification of each component type in MULTIFAMILY housing? - ANSWER-The percentages are computed by dividing the number in each classification group by the total number of testing combinations in the component type. How are XRF results corrected for substrate bias? - ANSWER-XRF are corrected for substrate bias by subtracting a number, which is determined separately for each type of substrate that requires a correction. The correction value (Substrate equivalent lead) is an average of XRF readings taken from test locations that have been scraped clean of their paint covering. How does half-life effect an XRF analyzer? - ANSWER-The amount of time that it takes for an XRF analyzer to determine if lead is present is related to the number of source atoms that decay and emit gamma and x-rays during sampling. After one half-life the length of time it takes to obtain a proper reading doubles. How should one go about finding the retest tolerance limit? - ANSWER-1. Make a list of the initial 10 XRF readings and next to it put a column next to it for the 10 retest readings 2. Create a column where averages are calculated between initial and retest result for each row 3. Square all the averages then add all 10 squared averages together (Quantity C) and multiply this by 0.0072 to get Quantity D. Take Quantity D and add 0.032 to get Quantity E. Now take the square root of this number to get Quantity F. Multiply Quantity F by 1.645 to get the RETEST TOLERENCE LIMIT. How should you perform a substrate correction for MULTIFAMILY housing? - ANSWER-The method for correcting XRF readings for substrate bias should be performed as described for single family housing with one exception: one representative location of a given substrate should be selected from each of TWO randomly chose units for each substrate type. When available, vacant units are most often selected to minimize damage to painted surfaces in occupied units. How would you define a lead-based paint inspection? - ANSWER-a surface-by-surface investigation to determine the presence of lead-based paint and the provision of a report explaining the results of the investigation. How would you define adequate quality control? - ANSWER-means a plan or design which ensures the authentic, integrity, and accuracy of samples, including dust, soil, and paint chip or paint film samples. Adequate quality control also includes provisions for representative sampling. How would you define an acute effect of lead exposure? - ANSWER-severe or immediate reaction, usually to a single large exposure. HUD regulations do not require clearance if the total amount of paint disturbed by non-abatement work is no more than a small or minimal amount. This amount is called a de minimis amount/area, These areas are up to - ANSWER-1. 20 ft^2 on exterior surfaces 2. 2 ft^2 in any one interior room/space 3. 10% of the total surface area on an interior/exterior surface type of component with a small surface area (window sills, baseboard, trim) If a development was built in 1962 with 522 similar units, how many units would be tested? (reference table) - ANSWER-28 units In most respects, inspections in multi-family housing are conducted in the same manner as in single -family housing. However, there are some significant differences: - ANSWER-1. additional interior and exterior areas must be inspected 2. a random sample of units are inspected 3. classification of XRF results by component type is required to determine development-wide patterns. In multi-family housing, how should you treat and test common areas? ( such as building lobby, laundry rooms, hallway)? - ANSWER-In multifamily housing, each common area can be treated like a dwelling unit. if there are multiple similar common areas, they may be grouped for sampling purposes in exactly the same way as regular dwelling units. However, dwelling units, common areas, and exterior sites cannot be mixed together in a single group. In order to determine how many units to be tested in buildings built between , what should be calculated? - ANSWER-For 1960-77 buildings or developments with 1,000 or more units, test 2.9% of the units and round up any fraction to the next whole number. In order to determine how many units to be tested in buildings pre-1960 or unknown age, what should be calculated? - ANSWER-For pre-1960 or unknown-age buildings or developments with 1,040 or more similar units, common areas, or exterior sites, test 5.8% of them and round to the next whole number. In order to insure an XRF is being transported safely the outside surface of the case must not exceed. . .? - ANSWER-2.0 mrem/hour (or, in standard international units, 0.020 millisieverts /hour mSv/h ) In summary, the need for substrate correction when using an XRF Analyzer is determined by. . . - ANSWER-1. the PCS for the XRF analyzer 2. the substrate 3. initial XRF readings less than 4.0 mg/cm^2 In XRF's, what is bias usually due to? - ANSWER-Bias is generally due to calibration errors, systematic hardware problems, or systematic software problems related to internal compensation for the substrate/matrix effects. Indian Housing Agency - ANSWER-An agency within an Indian tribal government that receives grants and provides assistance (under the United States Housing Act of 1937) for affordable housing activities for Indians. Inspectors may need to wear respirators in an effort to further minimize their exposure to lead dust. Selection of the appropriate Level of respiratory protection should include . . . - ANSWER-1. identification of the hazards 2. evaluation of the hazard 3. provision of the respiratory protective against the contaminant level(S) and suitable for the wearer Interior window sill - ANSWER-The portion of the horizontal window ledge that protrudes into the interior of the room, adjacent to the window sash when the window is closed; often called the window stool. Lead free is defined as what under SWDA? - ANSWER-Lead free as defined in the SWDA means that solders and flux may not contain more than 0.2 % lead and pipes, pipe fitting, and pumps, may not contain 8% of lead. Lead Hazard Screen - ANSWER-A method of determining, in buildings in good condition, whether they should have a full risk assessment. The screen uses fewer samples but more stringent evaluation criteria (standards) than regular risk assessments. Also called a risk assessment screen. Lead in surface dust and soil of all types can come from. . . - ANSWER-- weathering and chipping of lead-based paint - scraping and sanding of lead-based paint in preparation for refinishing; renovations that break surfaces painted with lead-based paint - abrasion and/or impact on door and windows loading is defined as... - ANSWER-is a measure of the total amount of lead present in micrograms of lead per square foot of surface area. Medical removal - ANSWER-The temporary removal of an employee from the job because the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 μg/dL of the occurrence of an adult "elevated blood lead level" as defined in the OSHA Lead Exposure in Construction standard Milligram (mg) to gram conversion - ANSWER-Milligram; 1/1000 of a gram. Multi-family housing is defined as. . . - ANSWER-as any group of units that are similar in construction from unit to unit with: 1. 21 or more units if any were built before 1960 or are of unknown 2. 10 or more units if they were all built from 1960 to 1977! Negligence - ANSWER-if a lead inspector or lead abatement contractor fails to fulfill all of his/her duties or fails to exercise the standard of care to which a reasonable inspector or contractor would adhere, he/she may be held liable for acting negligently. Objects - ANSWER-Level of lead in objects monitored by the consumer product safety commission. 90 ppm or 0.009% by weight On the multifamily housing -Component type report form, what should be recorded for each component type? - ANSWER-Record the number and percentage of testing combinations classified as either 1. Positive for lead based paint 2. inconclusive and having XRF readings less than the midpoint of the XRF's inconclusive range (low inconclusive) 3. Inconclusive range and having XRF readings equal to or greater than the midpoint of the XRF's inconclusive range (high inconclusive) 4. negative for lead-based paint. On-site Results (QA/QC) - ANSWER-Another method of evaluating the quality of the inspection is to require the inspector to provide copies or printouts of testing results immediately following the completion of the inspection or on a daily basis. One blank wipe is collected for each dwelling unit sampled, or if more than one dwelling unit sampled per day, one blank for every _____ field samples, whichever is _______ - ANSWER-50 field samples, whichever is LESS Over the last two decades the federal government has taken a number of key actions to reduce risks associated with lead exposures. The government has: - ANSWER-1. banned the use of lead in house paint 2. banned the use of lead in the solder and pipes used in public drinking water systems 3. banned the use of leaded solder in food cans 4. virtually removed lead from gasoline; issued new standards for drinking water; 5. issues interim guidance on hazardous levels of lead in soil household dust; established in training and certification regulations Paint - ANSWER-- 1.0 mg/cm^2 - 0.5% by weight -5,000 PPM -5000 mg/g - or 5000 mg/kg) Paint chip analysis can be done using _______ - ANSWER-1. flame or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS or GFAAS) 2. inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) Play area - ANSWER-An area of frequent soil contact by children of under age 6 as indicated by, but not limited to, such factors including the following: the presence of outdoor play equipment (e.g., sandboxes, swing sets, and sliding boards), toys, or other children's possessions, observations of play patterns, or information provided by parents, residents, care givers, or property owners. Precision is. . . - ANSWER-The degree to which a set of observations or measurements of the same property, usually obtained under similar conditions, conform to themselves; a data quality indicator. Precision is usually expressed in either absolute or relative terms as standard deviation, variance, or range. Often known as "reproducibility." Primary lead prevention is. . . - ANSWER-The process of preventing lead hazards from occurring and, when they do occur, controlling lead hazards to prevent exposure before a child is poisoned. Recovery rates of between ____ to ______ % of the true value should be obtained for all media used for wipe sampling. - ANSWER-80 to 120 percent Repeated Testing (QA/QC) - ANSWER-Retesting involves a complicated series of calculations that will provide a statistical confirmation that the inspection was conducted properly. If this method of QA is to be conducted, a statement that the inspector will, if requested, retest 10 testing combinations should be included in the scope of work of the contract. Research conducted by the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) and HUD demonstrates that all XRF instruments exhibit substrate biases that depend upon... - ANSWER-1. the instrument used 2. the nature of the substrate 3. The level of lead in the paint 4. possible other factors such as source age, temperature and humidity Samples spiked with a known amount of lead dust (sometimes called "_______ samples") should be inserted into the sample stream randomly by the person conducting field sampling to determine if there is adequate quality control of the digestion process at the lab. Dust-spiked wipe samples should be submitted blindly to the lab at the rate of no less than 1 for every _______ field samples. - ANSWER-. . . "control samples" . . .50 field samples Secondary prevention - ANSWER-The process of identifying children who have elevated blood lead levels, and controlling or eliminating the sources of further exposure. Soil - ANSWER-soil sampling is mandatory for risk assessment - Childs play area: 400 ppm - all other areas 1,200 ppm Soil-lead hazard - ANSWER-Bare soil on residential property that contains lead in excess of the standard established by the EPA under Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act. EPA standards for soil-lead hazards, published at 40 CFR 745.65(c), as of the publication of this edition of these Guidelines, is 400 µg/g in play areas and 1,200 µg/g in the rest of the yard. Also called Lead-contaminated soil. Spiked Sample - ANSWER-A sample prepared by adding a known mass of the target analyte (e.g., lead, as in leaded dust) to a specific amount of matrix sample (e.g., a dust wipe) for which an independent estimate of the target analyte mass is available. Spiked samples are used to determine, for example, the effect of the matrix on a method's recovery efficiency. Subsample - ANSWER-A constituent portion of a sample. A subsample may be either a field subsample or a laboratory subsample, depending on where the subsample is created. A subsample may be combined with other subsamples to produce a composite sample. Substrate effect - ANSWER-The radiation returned to an XRF analyzer by the paint, substrate, or underlying material, in addition to the radiation returned by any lead present. This radiation, when counted as lead X-rays by an XRF analyzer contributes to substrate equivalent lead (bias). The inspector may have to compensate for this effect when using XRF analyzers. Substrate Equivalent Lead (SEL): - ANSWER-: The XRF measurement taken on an unpainted surface; used to calculate the corrected lead concentration on a surface by using the following formula: Apparent Lead Concentration - Substrate Equivalent Lead = Corrected Lead Concentration. Surface Dust - ANSWER-µg/ft2 - Floor: 10 µg/ft^2 -Window sill -100 µg/ft^2 -Window well- 400 µg/ft^2 Target Housing - ANSWER-Any housing constructed before 1978 - except dwellings that do not contain bedrooms, or dwellings that are designated specifically for the elderly or persons with disabilities, unless a child younger than 6 resides or is expected to reside in the dwelling. In the case of jurisdictions that banned the sale or use of lead based paint before 1978, the Secretary of HUD may designate an earlier date for defining target housing. Targeted Sample - ANSWER-A sample of dwelling units selected from an apartment building or housing development using information supplied by the owner, and not by random selection or on the basis of visual evidence obtained by the risk assessor. Based on the owner's information, the units are selected to have the greatest probability of containing lead-based paint hazards. The composite samples should be collected from the following components: - ANSWER--bare floors (or wall-to-wall carpeted floors) -window sill -window trough - exterior surfaces The decision that no lead-based paint is present (in multifamily housing) is reached if: . . . - ANSWER-1. 100 % of the tested component types are negative or 2. 100% of the tested component types are classified as either negative or inconclusive and all of the inconclusive classifications have XRF readings less than 1.0 mg/Cm^2 The decision to conduct dust-wipe sampling and the samples varies; depending on ______________ - ANSWER-1. whether the hazard control work was conducted on the interior or exterior of the dwelling 2. the number of rooms treated 3. The type of sampling conducted The following methods are not adequate for measuring lead in deteriorated paint films . . . . - ANSWER-1. Portable XRF analysis of paint chips 2. chemical spot test kits The HUD guidelines recommend that the housing owner or client evaluate the quality of a lead-based paint inspection employing one or more of the following measures: . . . - ANSWER-1. direct observation 2. On-site results 3. repeated testing 4. Time and motion analysis The laboratory can report the results of the lead level in either of two units . . . - ANSWER-1. mg/cm^2 . If results are reported in mg/cm^2, the area sampled must be measured to 1/8 of an inch ( a small amount of substrate could be included) 2. µg/g, ppm, weight percent, or mg/kg. If results are reported using any of these units, the area sampled need not be measured exactly, but all layers must be included in the sample. Every effort must be made to not include substrate. This is used if the surface area cannot be measured exactly. The magnitude and direction of systematic biases in XRF readings depends on . . . - ANSWER-1. the substrate 2. the specific XRF instrument being used 3. factors such as temperature and humidity The XRF instrument's PCS indicates that substrate correction is required for metal: The first three readings from the bare substrate area: 1.6, 1.3, 1.2. The next three readings from the second bare substrate area: 1.5, 1.2, 1.4 What is the substrate correction value? - ANSWER-0.4 mg/cm^2 There are many different methods of collecting paint chips including . . . - ANSWER-1. Using pressure sensitive tape before cutting through the layers of paint and then shaving the paint chip off with a chisel or paint scraper 2. cutting through all the layers with a razor, sharp knife, or chisel and then shaving the paint with a chisel or paint scraper 3. heating the area to be sampled with a heat gun (less than 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit) to soften the paint before removal to lessen the chances of including substrate with the sample and to help prevent sample loss Time-and motion analysis (QA/QC) - ANSWER-- Anyone who contracts for a lead-based paint inspection can also perform a simple check to determine if the inspector had sufficient time to complete the number of housing units reported as being tested in the time allotted. - Usually, inspections require at least 1 to 2 hours per housing unit using technology in common use at the time of publication of these Guidelines, with the number of rooms and the complexity of the surfaces among the factors that affect the inspection duration. A o Ton ensure the effectiveness of the cleanup, the inspector has three responsibilities. . . - ANSWER-1. Visual inspection 2. Clearance testing of dust 3. visual examination of soil Tort law is defined as . . . - ANSWER-a civil wrong or breach of a standard behavior or failure to use reasonable care for which a court orders a momentary remedy called ''damages." True or false: Any settled dust present following abatement or interim control work provides sufficient evidence that cleanup was not adequate - ANSWER-True True or false: Dosimeters should never be stored with an XRF or in the sun - ANSWER-True. True or false: The terms "spectrum" and "direct read" describe how an XRF detects and separates X-rays. . . - ANSWER-False. "Spectrum" and "direct read" do NOT describe how an XRF detects and separates x-rays but rather how the information is displayed to the user. Most XRF use a multi-channel analyzer to separate the different energy x-rays emitted by the paint surface and the substrate. types of errors in LBP testing - ANSWER-a false negative - ( failure to detect lead at or in excess of federal regulatory standard) a false positive - ( concluding that lead is present at or above federal regulatory standard when in fact it is not ) Vacuum/wet cleaning/vacuum cycle - ANSWER-The cleaning cycle that begins with HEPA vacuuming, followed by a wet cleaning with a detergent, followed by a final pass with a HEPA vacuum over the surface. Vicarious - ANSWER-an employer is legally responsible for the acts, omissions, and wrongful behavior (torts) of his/her employees. Walkoff mat - ANSWER-A washable, fibrous material (preferably with a rubber or vinyl backing) positioned at an entryway to reduce transport of lead dust and/or lead soil into a building, or out of a work area. Water - ANSWER-In June 1991 under authority of the 1986 Safe water drinking act (SDWA), EPA's office of ground water and drinking water promulgated the "National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for Lead'. The goal of the new standards if for at least 90% of monitored household drinking water taps to have levels of 15 ppb or less, which corresponds to an average level of approximately 5 ppb. Exposure to lead in water is monitored by the EPA. Routine risks assessments do not require water sampling for lead . 15 PPB or 15 µg/L or 0.015 mg/L Weight/mass concentration is defined as. . . - ANSWER-mass concentration is a measure of the amount of lead contained in dust, expressed in micrograms of lead per gram of dust (µg/g) What are 3 examples of prohibited methods of paint removal? - ANSWER-open flame/torching, machine grinding or sanding, abrasive blasting or sandblasting without HEPA local Exhaust control, heat guns above 1,100 degrees, paint stripping in a poorly ventilated area. What are certified inspectors capable of? - ANSWER-1. identifying the lead-based painted surfaces in housing 2. Certify the results of an inspection in writing. 3. Conduct post-hazard control clearance sampling to determine if a. the specified hazard control safety was conducted b. the area is safe for unprotected workers to enter c. the area is a safe place for residents and young children to live What are civil lawsuits? - ANSWER-Civil lawsuits may be brought by an individual or company (the plantiff) in order to obtain compensation for, or relief from, harm caused by another person or company (the defendant). Compensation requested by plaintiffs is generally referred to as damages. What are engineering controls in reference to lead? - ANSWER-Measures other than respiratory and other personal protection or administrative controls that are implemented at the worksite to contain, control, and/or otherwise reduce exposure to lead contaminated dust and debris usually in the occupational health setting. The measures include process and product substitution, isolation, and ventilation. What are good paint conditions for an area to be selected for XRF testing? - ANSWER-Areas where the paint appears to be thickest should be selected. At each test location include all layers of paint and lay the XRF probe faceplate flat against the surface. What are Lead-based paint hazards? - ANSWER-any condition that causes exposure to lead contaminated dust, lead contaminated soil, or lead-contaminated paint that is deteriorated or present in accessible surfaces, friction surfaces, or impact surfaces that would result in adverse human health effects as identified by the EPA administrator under TSCA Section 403 What are some examples of nonrandom sampling that are not permitted? - ANSWER-- picking the first 10 units the inspector visits - picking units housing children -picking only units on the first floor - picking units where no one is home What are some factors that may lead to lead in drinking water? - ANSWER-1. the amount and age of lead-containing materials susceptible to corrosion 2. the amount of time the water is in contact with these materials 3. the corrosiveness of the water What are some occupations in which adults may be more likely to be exposed to lead? - ANSWER-adults who work in certain industries, such as smelting, auto body repair shops, painting shops, scrap metal works, electrical work, demolition, and construction can be at risk to lead poisoning. What are some ways in which food is contaminated with lead? - ANSWER-1. from containers with lead solder, lead glaze, or other materials with lead, especially if contents are acidic in nature 2. by airborne lead from industrial or automobile emissions deposited onto crops or water 3. by uptake into food crops from lead in soil or pesticide applications 4. during transportation or processing What are standards monitored by the EPA? - ANSWER-Paint, surface dust, and soil What are steps 4-6 of substrate correction in single-family housing? - ANSWER-4. On each selected testing combination, choose a location from which to remove the paint. The locations should be based on the inspector's ability to remove paint thoroughly from the substrate, the similarity of the substrate, and the accessibility. 5. Carefully remove the paint from each selected location using the methodology described later in this chapter for collecting paint-chip samples or ASTM E 1729 Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques. 6. Using the same XRF instrument used during the inspection cover the bare area with a NIST SRM (1.02 mg/cm') film and take three readings on the first bare substrate area. Record the substrate and XRF readings on the "Substrate Correction Values" form (see Appendix A) or a similar form. Repeat this procedure for the second bare substrate area and record the three readings on the form. A variant to this step is to take the readings on bare substrate. The need for this variation will be specified in the XRF Performance Characteristics Sheet for the affected XRF instruments. What are steps 7-9 of computing a substrate correction for single-family housing? - ANSWER-7. Compute the correction value for each necessary substrate type in the house by computing the average of all six readings and subtracting the NIST standard value as shown below. Record the results on the "Substrate Correction Values" form. If a NIST standard was used as directed by the PCS, make sure to subtract the NIST standard value from the average before transferring the values to the testing data sheets). For each substrate type: (Ist + 2nd + 3rd+4th+5th+6th)/6 Reading - NIST standard Value & 8. Transfer the recorded correction values to the "Single-Family Housing LBP Testing Data Sheet" for each corresponding substrate. 9. Correct XRF readings for substrate interference by subtracting the correction value from the XRF reading from each testing location where the initial reading is less than 4.0 mg/cm2 or as indicated on the PCS. What are the "blood lead reference levels" of concern? - ANSWER-CDC monitors "blood lead reference level" for children In 2021, BLRL was lowered to 3.5 µg/dL for children - OSHA's level of concern for adults is 40 µg/dL, medical removal level is 50 µg/dL What are the advantages of XRF testing? - ANSWER-1. Speed (results are immediately available) 2. Cost efficiency to compared to lab analysis. 3. non destructive. What are the benefits of random sampling? - ANSWER-1. reducing the time and cost associated with testing 2. making it possible to reach rational decisions for large complexes without testing every single unit. What are the first three steps of substrate correction in single-family housing? - ANSWER-1. review XRF results for each substrate type to determine if any readings fall within the range for substrate correction for a particular substrate (<4.0 mg/cm^2) 2. for each substrate type for wich substrate is required, create a list of all testing combinations with uncorrected XRF results less than 2.5 mg/cm^2 3. select two testing combinations from the list generated What are the goals of the 1986 Safe Drinking water Act (SDWA)? - ANSWER-The goal of the new standards is for at least 90% of monitored household drinking water taps to have lead levels of 15 PPB or less, which corresponds to an average level of 5 ppb. What are the most common routes of exposure to lead in children and adults - ANSWER-Inhalation and digestion What are the principal industrial uses and products containing lead? - ANSWER-1. electrical storage batteries 2. ammunition 3. various chemicals 4. sinkers for fishing What are the rules you must follow when doing composite dust wipe sampling? - ANSWER-1. Separate composite samples are required from carpeted and hard surfaces. Collection from hard floors is preferred over carpets. 2. Separate composite samples are required from each different component sampled 3. Separate composite samples are required for each dwelling 4. Floor surface areas sampled in each room should be approximately the same size (1ft^2 or 929 cm^2) 5. DO not use the same wipe to sample two different spots. Always use a new wipe for each spot sampled. 6. DO NOT insert more than 4 different wipes into a single container for a composite sample. Acceptable recovery rates (80-120% of the true value) have been found when no more than 4 wipes are analyzed as a single sample. 7. If composite samples are collected, composite blank and spiked (control) QA/QC samples should also be submitted for analysis.. What are the sources of radiation in the XRF Analyzer that is used to detect lead-based paint? - ANSWER-Cobalt -57 and Cadmium-109 What are the steps to limit lead exposure in household drinking water? - ANSWER-1. running the tap for 30-60 seconds before use 2. never use hot water from the tap for drinking or cooking 3. Not boiling water for longer than neccesary for cooking baby formula 4. checking for lead solder What are the three main reasons lead has been used in PAINT? - ANSWER-1. as a pigment 2. to add durability and corrosion control 3. as a drying agent What are the three systems where the effects of lead are most dangerous? - ANSWER-1. the central and peripheral nervous systems 2. the cardiovascular system, including the blood forming system 3. the kidneys What are the two types of monitoring activities? - ANSWER-There are two types of monitoring activities: visual surveys by property owners and reevaluations by certified risk assessors. Visual surveys are generally conducted annually and at rental housing unit turnover for the purpose of making the first three determinations listed above. Monitoring is not required in properties known to be free of lead-based paint What are the two ways to describe the amount of lead in dust? - ANSWER-1. Loading (area concentration) µg/ft^2 or µg/cm^2 2. mass concentration (µg/g or mg/kg) These two units are not interchangeable and cannot be converted into the other on a routine basis; however the two units of measure are highly correlated What are three ways in which an inspector can protect themselves from lawsuits? - ANSWER-1. Obtaining professional liability insaurance is a method via which a lead based paint inspector (the professional) may secure protection from possible litigation related to the performance of his or her professional duties. 2. "errors and omissions" insurance 3. general liability what are two general ways that XRF analyzers present information? - ANSWER-Direct Reader Spectrum analyzer What are two kinds of instrumental problems that could be avoided by field quality control. - ANSWER-The first is drift of the instrument's calibration, in which there is a systematic change over time in the average reading of the instrument. Drift is caused by instability of the instruments electronics or by aging of the battery, resulting in faliure of the battery to charge properly. The second problem is unusallly high variability in elements. What areas should not be used and should be avoided during XRF testing? - ANSWER-Locations where the paint has worn away or been scraped off should not be selected. As well as areas over pipes, electrical surfaces, nails, and other possible interferences should be avoided if possible as these materials may contain lead. What ares some sources of lead exposure in the air? - ANSWER-Lead gasoline, smelters, battery factories, combustion of oil, coal, waste, municipal waste, windblown dust. Even activities such as abrasive blasting, sanding, burning, or welding on steel structures coated with lead-containing paints may produce very high concentrations of lead dust and fumes. What do lead based paint inspections focus on? - ANSWER-they focus attention on the sources of lead that could poison children and reduce the cost of lead hazard control by identifying which surfaces are coated with lead-based paint. What does " exclusive use" category apply to? - ANSWER-USDOT has an "exclusive use" category that would apply to most portable XRF analyzers. Exclusive use means that a single company or individual is responsible for transportation of the device and has control during the transportation. What does ALARA stand for? - ANSWER-As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This is the principle of radiation safety. What does lead-based paint kill? - ANSWER-kills mold and mildew What does RCRA stand for? - ANSWER-Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). What does the abbreviation A2LA stand for? - ANSWER-American Association for Laboratory Accrediation What does the abbreviation AIHA stand for? - ANSWER-American Industrial Hygiene Association What form of radiation is x-rays and gamma rays? - ANSWER-Gamma and x-rays are forms of ionizing radiation. Radiation that has enough energy to eject electrons from electrically neutral atoms, leaving behind charged atoms or ions, is known as ionizing radiation. The result of ionization is the production of negatively charged free electrons and positively charged ionized atoms. What happened in 1978? - ANSWER-CPSC, acting under the authority of the consumer product safety act, banned the sale of lead-based paint to consumers and the use of lead-based paint in residences, on other areas where consumers have direct access to painted surfaces, and on toys and furniture; What happened in 1992? - ANSWER-Title X of the 1992 housing and community development act (the residential lead-based paint Hazard reduction act). Title X mandates an inspection and abatement of lead-based paint hazards in residential properties constructed prior to 1960 and an inspection and disclosure of lead-based paint hazards for properties constructed between What happened in 2021? - ANSWER-CDC reduced the child blood lead reference value to 3.5 µg/dL What happens once lead enters the body? - ANSWER-once in the body, lead is distributed by the bloodstream to red blood cells, soft tissue, and bone. Lead is eliminated very slowly from the body by the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; very very tiny amounts of lead are lost through perspiration What information do direct readers display? - ANSWER-Direct readers display only the calculated lead concentration. What information do spectrum analyzers display? - ANSWER-They produce a graph called an energy spectrum to help resolve discrepancies in the readings due to interference from substrate materials below the paint. The spectrum analyzers display information from the entire energy spectrum, making it more sophisticated. What information must the sample-size guarantee for housing built before 1960? - ANSWER-When all units, common areas, or exterior sites tested are found to be clear of lead at or below the 1.0 mg/cm^2 hazard, these sample sizes provide 95% confidence that for housing built before 1960, fewer than 5% or fewer than 50 (whichever is less) units, common areas, or exterior sites at or above standard What information must the sample-size guarantee for housing built between 1960 and 1977? - ANSWER-When all units, common areas, or exterior sites tested are found to be clear of lead at or below the 1.0 mg/cm^2 standard, these sample sizes provide 95% confidence that for housing built between , fewer than 10% or fewer than 50 (whichever is less) units, common areas, or exterior sites at or above standard What is a building component type? - ANSWER-items in the interior or exterior of housing onto which paint, stain, varnish, or shellack has been applied and that have a common substrate. What is a building component? - ANSWER-Any element of a building that may be painted or have dust on its surface, e.g., walls, stair treads, floors, railings, doors, windowsills, etc. What is a clearance examination? - ANSWER-Visual examination and collection of lead dust samples by an inspector or risk assessor, or, in some circumstances, a sampling technician, and analysis by a EPA-recognized laboratory upon completion of an abatement project, interim control intervention, maintenance or renovation job that disturbs lead-based paint (or paint presumed to be lead-based.) For abatement projects, the clearance examination is performed to ensure that lead exposure levels do not exceed clearance standards established by the EPA at 40 CFR 745.227(e) (8)(viii); HUD's dust-lead standards for clearance after interim control projects are found at 24 CFR 35.1320(b)(2)(i). What is a compliance plan? - ANSWER-A document that describes the types of tasks, workers, protective measures, and tools and other materials that may be employed in lead-based paint hazard control to comply with the OSHA Lead Exposure in Construction standard What is a component type in multifamily housing? - ANSWER-A component type is a group of like components constructed of the same substrate. For example, grouping all walls would create an appropriate component type if all walls are plaster. However, grouping all doors would not be appropriate if some doors are metal and some doors are wood. What is a composite sample? - ANSWER-A single sample made up of individual subsamples. Analysis of a composite sample produces the arithmetic mean (average) of all subsamples. What is a criterion for selecting a test location for substrate corrections? - ANSWER-A criterion for selecting these test locations is that their initial XRF results are less than 2.5 mg/cm^2. What is a digestion blank? - ANSWER-A mixture of the reagents used for digesting of paint, soil, or dust matrixes but without the matrix. The blank undergoes all the steps of the analysis, starting with digestion. The blank is used to evaluate the contamination process from a laboratory What is a dosimeter? - ANSWER-A dosimeter is a small device usually containing a photographically sensitive or thermally luminescent material that measures and records the amount of radiation exposed to the person. What is a final cleanup during the abatement process? - ANSWER-A final cleanup generally involves painting and sealing of abated surfaces, including all floors, followed by a second HEPA/wet wash/ HEPA cycle, if necessary. Final cleanup should not begin until all hazard control work has been completed and after waiting at least 1 HOUR. In addition, a final visual inspection should not be conducted until at least 1 HOUR after final cleanup has been completed. what is a friction surface? - ANSWER-an interior/exterior surface that is subject to abrasion/friction (windows, floor, staircases) What is a general license? - ANSWER-A general license allows the user, such as, a lead inspection company, to take possession of the radioactive source under the manufactuers specific license, thereby eliminating the requirement for the inspector's company to obtain a license. What is a leak test? - ANSWER-Every 6 months, a surface wipe should be taken on the exterior of a XRF and analyzed for radioactive levels. What is a PCS? - ANSWER-PCS or performance characteristic sheet, provides detailed information regarding XRF readings taken on a specific substrates, calibration check tolerances, and information describing the performance of each instrument for specific models of XRFS. What is a PEL? - ANSWER-A PEL is the maximum exposure limit to a contaminant. THE pel under OSHA is 50 µg/m^3 What is a reeevaluation? - ANSWER-The combination of a visual assessment and collection of dust and, as appropriate, soil samples performed by a certified risk assessor to determine if the housing is free of lead-based paint hazards, and determine whether previously implemented lead-based paint hazard control measures are still effective. What is a room equivalent? - ANSWER-an identifiable part of a residence such as a room, house exterior, a foyer, staircase, hallway, playset, etc. What is a second option an inspector can chose from when sampling a multi-family housing development? - ANSWER-A second option is to sample just some of the units, selecting those units by a scientifically valid approach, and then apply the results from those samples to the whole multifamily housing development. This approach is useful for development of modernization planning. What is a testing combination made up of? - ANSWER-1. room equivalent 2. component 3. substrate What is a testing combination? - ANSWER-it is a component in the same room equivalent with the same substrate, meaning these results can be replicated (for ex. Bedroom 01 baseboard on wall 1 may be tested and these results can be used for baseboards on walls 2, 3, 4 without testing them individually) What is acute lead poisoning? - ANSWER-Acute exposure to lead generally means exposure for a short time, but at high levels. Some symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, damage to the brain and central nervous system, fatigue, irritability, weakness, and muscle pain. What is an accessible surface? - ANSWER-Surface that protrudes from the surrounding area to the extent that a child can chew the surface and is within 3 feet of the floor or ground (Window sills, railing, stair tread) what is an impact surface? - ANSWER-an interior/exterior surface that is subject to damage from repeated impacts (parts of door frames) What is an interim control? - ANSWER-A set of measures designed to temporarily reduce human exposure or possible exposure to lead-based paint hazards. Such measures include, but are not limited to, specialized cleaning, repairs, maintenance, painting, temporary containment, and the establishment and operation of management and resident education programs. Monitoring, conducted by owners, and reevaluations, conducted by professionals, are integral elements of interim control. Interim controls include dust removal; paint film stabilization; treatment of friction and impact surfaces; installation of soil coverings, such as grass or sod; and land use controls What is apparent lead concentration (ALC) ? - ANSWER-The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) reading or average of more than one reading on a painted surface what is chelation? - ANSWER-Chelation is the process by which lead is removed from a person's body by the use of medication. Chelating agents irreversibly bind the lead circulating in the bloodstream so that the lead is excreted through the person's urinary system or liver and gastrointestinal tract. Chelation is used ONLY in cases of high levels of blood lead under the care of a medical specialist since there are serious side effects. What is chronic lead poisoning? - ANSWER-Chronic lead exposure generally means exposure to low to moderate levels of lead over a long period of time. Symptoms include: impaired blood formation, high blood pressure, changes in the nervous system, drooping hand/foot, reproductive complications, damage to developing fetus. What is Deteriorated paint? - ANSWER-any interior or exterior paint that is peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking, or is located on an interior/exterior surface or fixture that is damaged. What is half-life? - ANSWER-the term half-life refers to the time it takes half of the material to decay into another radionuclide or element. What is ionized radiation exposure measured in? - ANSWER-The quantity of ionizing radiation exposure is measured in roentgens. The units of dosage are measured in roentgen equivalent man (rem) or one-one thousandths of a rem ( mrem or millirem) The higher the dosage the greater the potential for adverse health effects. What is lead based paint? - ANSWER-Paint, varnish, shellac, or other coating on surfaces that contain 1.0 mg/cm² or more of lead or 0.5% by weight What is lead monitoring? - ANSWER-An organized program of regular surveillance to determine that: (1) known or presumed lead-based paint is not deteriorating; (2) lead-based paint hazard controls, such as paint stabilization, interim control measures for soil, enclosure, or encapsulation have not failed; (3) structural problems do not threaten the integrity of hazard controls or of known or presumed lead based paint, and (4) dust lead levels have not risen above applicable standards What is one option an inspector can chose when sampling a multi-family housing development? - ANSWER-One option is to sample each unit and apply the result from each sample to the unit it comes from. This is like doing a series of single-family dwellings. Taking samples in every unit provides the most detailed information, but costs a lot. What is paint chalking? - ANSWER-The photo-oxidation of paint binders - usually due to weathering - that causes a powder to form on the film surface. What is reciprocity? - ANSWER-Reciprocity is the ability to bring an XRF from one state into another without having to get another license. What is room equivalent? - ANSWER-it is any place with a natural break in paint history (for example - a living room and dining room should be tested separately since it is likely they do not have the same paint history What is sample size in multi-family housing based on? - ANSWER-the number of units to be tested (the sample size) is based on the total number of units, similar common areas and exterior in the building(s) and the date of construction as specified in table 7.3 What is the allowable CDC quantity of lead in blood for children? - ANSWER-in 2012, the CDC reduced the levels to 5 µg/dL renaming the level as child blood lead reference value (BLRV) which has been further reduced to 3.5 µg/dL on 10/29/2021. What is the allowable NIOSH/CDC quantity of lead in blood? - ANSWER-25 µg/dL What is the allowable OSHA quantity of lead in blood? - ANSWER-OSHA has established an allowable blood level of 40 µg/dL, while a blood level of 50 µg/dL requires that the worker be removed from the lead exposed work place. What is the definition of "lead-based paint free"? - ANSWER-For the purpose of this rule, EPA and HUD have defined lead based paint free housing as target housing that has been found to be free of paint or other surface coating that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 mg/cm^2 or 0.5% percent by weight What is the difference between K X-rays and L X-rays? - ANSWER-L x-rays have a lower energy than K X-rays. As a result, L X-rays released from greater depths within the paint are more likely to be absorbed before reaching the surface and are less likely to be seen by the instrument. Therefore, depending on the number and thickness of the paint layers, XRF's may have difficulty quantitatively detecting L X-rays compared to K X-rays. K X-rays also have some degree of error since they can penetrate deeply and "see" materials behind the paint such as nails or pipes. This deeper penetration generates more backscatter effects from the substrate. What is the equation for calculating a random unit to sample when using a random number generator(0-1)? - ANSWER-Unit number = Round up from (random number X Total Project Size) For example Random number: 0.583 Total Project size: 55 55 x 0.583 is equal to 32.065, and rounding up from there which is 33 so that means the 33rd unit on the list of 55 is to be sampled. What is the first step in selecting units for inspection? - ANSWER-The first step in selecting units for inspection is to identify (based on written documentation) buildings in the development with a common construction and painting history. Such buildings can be grouped together for sampling purposes. What is the half-life of cadmium-109 - ANSWER-15 months or 461.4 days What is the half-life of Cobalt-57? - ANSWER-9 months or 270 days What is the importance and process of laboratory analysis for lead? - ANSWER-In the case of analysis of samples of lead in paint, dust or soil in target housing or pre-1978 child-occupied facilities, the laboratory must be recognized by NLLAP. Among the methods used by these laboratories for determining lead content are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), or laboratory based K or L X-ray fluorescence, or an equivalent method. What is the importance of accreditation? - ANSWER-a formal recognition that an organization, such as a laboratory, is competent to carry out specific tasks or types of tests What is the largest remaining source of lead exposure in children? - ANSWER-contaminated dust and soil What is the lead-based paint disclosure rule? - ANSWER-In the late 1996, the EPA and HUD created the lead-based paint disclosure rule that allows prospective purchasers of housing built before 1978 to have a lead-based paint or risk assessment to determine whether lead based paint or lead-based paint hazards exist in housing What is the major cause of lead exposure for adults? - ANSWER-the workplace What is the MINIMUM number of components of a given type that must be tested in Multifamily housing? - ANSWER-At least 40 components of a given type must be tested in order to obtain the desired level of confidence in the results throughout the multifamily housing development. IF fewer than 40 combinations of a given component type are tested, additional combinations of that component type will need to be tested. What is the most common route of lead exposure in the children? - ANSWER-the more common route of exposure is by ingesting lead-bearing dust that is formed by the paint when it deteriorates, chalks, or is disturbed through renovation or even abrasion from the opening and closing of windows and other friction and impact surfaces. What is the primary purpose of HUD Guidelines? - ANSWER-The guidelines purpose is to guide people involved in identifying and controlling lead-based paint hazards in housing. What is the standard regulating lead exposure in the construction industry? - ANSWER-The interim lead In construction Standard formed in 1993. Under this standard, regulating occupational exposure to inorganic lead in the construction industry, the PEL is 50 µg/m^3 as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA). The standard requires monitoring the lead leve