CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 12TH EDITION
EXAM 4 CHAPTER 35-37,39 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Stem - answer-a vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and
internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.
Nodes - answer-the points at which leaves are attached
Internode - answer-a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are
attached.
Apical bud - answer-located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
Axillary bud - answer-a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch.
The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.
Tropism - answer-a growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs
toward or away from stimuli owing to differential rates of cell elongation.
Root cap - answer-a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical
meristem.
Stele - answer-the vascular tissue of a stem or root.
Biotic - answer-describes living factors in the environment.
Cation exchange - answer-a process in which positively charged minerals are made
available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay
particles.
Sustainable agriculture - answer-long-term productive farming methods that are
environmentally safe.
Blue-light photoreceptors - answer-any of several classes of light-absorbing molecules
that have physiological effects when activated by blue light.
Phloem - answer-vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated
tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
Abscisic acid (aba) - answer-a plant hormone that slows down growth, promotes seed
dormancy and facilitates drought tolerance.
, Petiole - answer-the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
Vernalization - answer-the use of cold treatment to induce a plant to flower.
Plasmolysis - answer-a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and
the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to
a hypertonic environment.
Lignin - answer-a strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell
walls of vascular plants that provides structural support in terrestrial species.
Stoma - answer-a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of
leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of
the plant.
Vessel - answer-a continuous water-conducting micropipe found in most angiosperms
and a few nonflowering vascular plants.
Lenticel - answer-a small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas
exchange between living cells and the outside air.
Xylem - answer-vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that
conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Leaf primordium - answer-a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical
meristem, from which a leaf arises.
Turgor pressure - answer-the force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of
water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis.
Bacteroid - answer-a form of the bacterium rhizobium contained within the vesicles
formed by the root cells of a root nodule.
Systemic acquired resistance (sar) - answer-a defensive response in infected plants
that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion.
Solute potential - answer-a component of water potential that is proportional to the
number of dissolved solute molecules in a solution and measures the effect of solutes
on the direction of water movement; also called osmotic potential, it can be either zero
or negative.
Vein - answer-in plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf. In animals, a vessel that carries
blood toward the heart
EXAM 4 CHAPTER 35-37,39 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Stem - answer-a vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and
internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.
Nodes - answer-the points at which leaves are attached
Internode - answer-a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are
attached.
Apical bud - answer-located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
Axillary bud - answer-a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch.
The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.
Tropism - answer-a growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs
toward or away from stimuli owing to differential rates of cell elongation.
Root cap - answer-a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical
meristem.
Stele - answer-the vascular tissue of a stem or root.
Biotic - answer-describes living factors in the environment.
Cation exchange - answer-a process in which positively charged minerals are made
available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay
particles.
Sustainable agriculture - answer-long-term productive farming methods that are
environmentally safe.
Blue-light photoreceptors - answer-any of several classes of light-absorbing molecules
that have physiological effects when activated by blue light.
Phloem - answer-vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated
tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
Abscisic acid (aba) - answer-a plant hormone that slows down growth, promotes seed
dormancy and facilitates drought tolerance.
, Petiole - answer-the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
Vernalization - answer-the use of cold treatment to induce a plant to flower.
Plasmolysis - answer-a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and
the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to
a hypertonic environment.
Lignin - answer-a strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell
walls of vascular plants that provides structural support in terrestrial species.
Stoma - answer-a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of
leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of
the plant.
Vessel - answer-a continuous water-conducting micropipe found in most angiosperms
and a few nonflowering vascular plants.
Lenticel - answer-a small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas
exchange between living cells and the outside air.
Xylem - answer-vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that
conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Leaf primordium - answer-a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical
meristem, from which a leaf arises.
Turgor pressure - answer-the force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of
water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis.
Bacteroid - answer-a form of the bacterium rhizobium contained within the vesicles
formed by the root cells of a root nodule.
Systemic acquired resistance (sar) - answer-a defensive response in infected plants
that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion.
Solute potential - answer-a component of water potential that is proportional to the
number of dissolved solute molecules in a solution and measures the effect of solutes
on the direction of water movement; also called osmotic potential, it can be either zero
or negative.
Vein - answer-in plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf. In animals, a vessel that carries
blood toward the heart
