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Exam (elaborations)

Clinical Biochemistry

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Clinical Biochemistry

Institution
Clinical Biochemistry
Module
Clinical Biochemistry











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Institution
Clinical Biochemistry
Module
Clinical Biochemistry

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Uploaded on
February 6, 2025
Number of pages
426
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Exam (elaborations)
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,Clinical Biochemistry



Edited by

prof. MUDr. Jaroslav Racek, DrSc.

MUDr. Daniel Rajdl, Ph.D.



Authors

Vladimír Bartoš, Milan Dastych, Milan Dastych jr., Tomáš Franěk, Milan Jirsa,

Marta Kalousová, Tomáš Karlík, Petr Kocna, Viktor Kožich, Michaela Králíková,

Alena Krnáčová, Pavlína Kušnierová, Richard Pikner, Věra Ploticová,

Richard Průša, Jaroslav Racek, Daniel Rajdl, Václav Senft, Vladimír Soška,

Drahomíra Springer, Kristian Šafarčík, Ivan Šebesta, Radka Šigutová,

Zdeněk Švagera, Eva Táborská, Libor Vítek, František Všianský,

Jiří Zadina, David Zeman, Tomáš Zima



Technical collaborator

Martin Navrátil

, Published by Charles University

Karolinum Press

www.karolinum.cz


Clinical Biochemistry
Prague 2016
Electronic books
First edition


Editoři: prof. MUDr. Jaroslav Racek, DrSc., MUDr. Daniel Rajdl, Ph.D.
ISBN 978-80-246-3497-5
Autoři: Vladimír (pdf)Milan Dastych jr., Tomáš Franěk, Milan Jirsa, Marta Kalousová, Tomáš Karlík,
Bartoš, Milan Dastych,
Petr Kocna, Viktor Kožich, Michaela Králíková, Alena Krnáčová, Pavlína Kušnierová, Richard Pikner, Věra Ploticová, Ri-
ISBN 978-80-246-3164-6 (epub)
hard Průša, Jaroslav Racek, Daniel Rajdl, Václav Senft, Vladimír Soška, Drahomíra Springer, Kristian Šafarčík, Ivan Še-
besta, Radka
ISBNŠigutová, Zdeněk Švagera,
978-80-246-3498-2 Eva Táborská, Libor Vítek, František Všianský, Jiří Zadina, David Zeman, Tomáš
(mobi)
Zima
Technický editor: Martin Navrátil



icence: This publication is licensed under Creative Commons license „Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
nternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)“, for further detail, please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Vydavatel: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Lékařská fakulta v Plzni, Husova 3, 306 05
elefon: 377 593 478
e-mail:



SBN: budeThe
co publication
nevidět has been partly created within project Klinická biochemie – inovovaná, interaktivní výuka e-learningem,
reg. number: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0048 and is co-funded by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech
first editionRepublic.
leden 2015
Thispublication
Support: The publication has
is licensed under Creative
been pratly created Commons license
within project “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
Klinická 4.0výuka
biochemie - inovovaná, interaktivní International
e-
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0),” for further detail, please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
earningem, reg. number: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0048 and is co-funded by the European Social Fund and the state budget
of the Czech Republic.

, Conntent
Electronic books 2
1. Pre-Analytical Effects on Laboratory Examinations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
1.1. Introduction 4
1.2. Pre-Analytical Phase and Its Sources of Variability 4
1.3. Before the Biological Material Collection 5
1.4. During the Biological Material Collection 6
1.5. Between Biological Material Collection and Analysis 7
2. Reference Values and Methods for Their Determination������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
2.1. Introduction 9
2.2. Basic Terms and Definitions 9
2.3. Options for Determining Reference Intervals 10
2.4. Importance of Reference Interval when Interpreting Results 15
3. Analytical Properties of the Laboratory Method, Quality Control������������������������������������������������������������������16
3.1. Introduction 16
3.2. Performance Characteristics of the Analytical Method 16
3.3. Validation and Verification of Methods 28
3.4. Quality Control 29
4. Diagnostic Sensitivity, Specificity of the Method, Methods of Determination, Interrelations, Laborato-
ry Screening�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34
4.1. Introduction 34
4.2. Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of the Method 35
4.3. Other Clinical Characteristics 38
4.4. Laboratory Screening 39
5. Basic Urine Tests��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
5.1. Summary 42
5.2. Sample Collection and the Pre-Analytical Phase 42
5.3. Physical Properties of Urine 43
5.4. Chemical Examination of Urine Using Test Strip (Dipstick) 44
5.5. Microscopic Examination of Urine 51
6. Kidney Function Tests����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55
6.1. Glomerular Filtration Tests (GF) 55
6.2. Tubule Function Test 58
6.3. Acute Renal Failure 61
6.4. Chronic Renal Failure 62
7. The Importance of Plasma Protein Assays��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64
7.1. Methods for Plasma Protein Examination 64

8. The Importance of Na, K, Cl Assays in Clinical Practice�������������������������������������������79
8.1. Natrium 79
8.2. Kalium 84
8.3. Chloride Anion 87
9. Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������88
9.1. Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium – Preparation 88
9.2. References: 98
9.3. Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium 99
9.4. References: 107
10. Trace Elements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108
10.1. Esential Trace Elements 108
10.2. Iodine 111
10.3. Iron 112
10.4. Zinc 113

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