Portfolio 3:
A country can run with and without a written constitution. Every country in the world
has one except from the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Israel whereas, they
have institutions of states. A country’s written constitution can be founded on
anything. An example being how Saudi Arabia’s 1 constitution is based off its Holy
Book – The Qur’an2. Additionally, the constitution is also based off the teachings and
traditions (Sunnah) of the Islamic prophet Muhammed (S.A.W).
In Saudi Arabia the King is both the head of state and the government, decisions
made for the country are also decided by the royal family and the senior princes. The
constitution of this country is the Holy Book, and it is considered to be the sacred
word of God. Muslims believe it is God’s ‘final revelation to humanity’, so they devote
their life to its teachings. Therefore, the country’s ideology will be based off this. The
Hadith3 – a religious law and moral advice second only to the authority of the Qur'an
– would determine how people of the country will behave or act in this country that
follow this Islamic faith.
Unlike Saudi Arabia – whose constitution is founded on a religious text; France is a
secular nation, so they will not adhere to any specific religion. France’s second
constitution was founded after the collapse of the monarchy of the Ancien Regime. A
constitution built on the bloodshed of its Monarchy – King Louis XVI.
The French constitution of 1791, established during the French Revolution 1787 –
17994, it declared that France would be a constitutional monarchy, with the Rights of
Man and Citizen as its foundation. As a result, this will be the foundation of the
country's ideology. The constitution was later ratified in 1958 and is known as the
Constitution of the Fifth Republic. This will have an impact on the people of the
country since it ensures independence – where they could challenge their beliefs
and assumptions without being prosecuted for it.
1
Saudiembassynet, 'Basic Law of Governance ' (The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2021)
<https://www.saudiembassy.net/basic-law-governance>accessed 16 April 2021
2
Qurancom, 'The Noble Quran' (Qurancom, 2021)
<https://quran.com> accessed 16 April 2021
3
Sunnahcom, 'The Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad ( ( ')صلى الله عليه و سلمSunnahcom, 2021)
<https://sunnah.com> accessed 16 April 2021
4
Historycom, 'French Revolution' (Historycom, 2021)
<https://www.history.com/topics/france/french-revolution> accessed 16 April 2021
, Portfolio 4:
The initial interpretation of the question is that it appears to be a plagiarism matter,
but it is actually a question of power. This essay will help to decide whether the
University of Bradford has accurately gone according to what is stated in the
university governance sections or whether they abused their powers and wrongly
taken advantage of Peter.
First and foremost, the fundamental aspects that the University operates on are the
Charter5, Statutes6, Ordinances7 and Regulations8, these set out a well structed
constitutional framework. These characteristics are present to assist in determining
whether the organisations activities are permissible or not.
A charter is a written grant in which a university, a body, city or company are
founded on its rights and privileges. The purpose of a university charter is to
establish the power that the university has. Bradford University’s charter can be
found on its website9. In the charter it states that ‘The University shall… award
degrees and other academic awards10’. This knowledge is relevant to Peter’s case
because it means that any student who has paid for a university education should be
provided with that education. Expelling Peter without providing him with additional
knowledge goes against this idea, as Peter’s ultimate aim was certainly to obtain a
degree after completing his course. There is also fairness in this charter, therefore
Bradford University will have a set of guidelines to orientate how these degrees are
given to students.
‘There shall be a Senate of the University 11. ‘It shall be the duty of the Senate to
bring before the Council any matter coming before them… (e.g.) implications… with
5
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021
6
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021
7
Bradford University, 'Ordinances and Regulations'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/ordinances-and-regulations/> accessed 8 April 2021
8
Bradford University, 'Ordinances and Regulations'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/ordinances-and-regulations/> accessed 8 April 2021
9
https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/
10
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021 Section 4B, Line 1
11
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021 Section 12, Line 1
A country can run with and without a written constitution. Every country in the world
has one except from the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Israel whereas, they
have institutions of states. A country’s written constitution can be founded on
anything. An example being how Saudi Arabia’s 1 constitution is based off its Holy
Book – The Qur’an2. Additionally, the constitution is also based off the teachings and
traditions (Sunnah) of the Islamic prophet Muhammed (S.A.W).
In Saudi Arabia the King is both the head of state and the government, decisions
made for the country are also decided by the royal family and the senior princes. The
constitution of this country is the Holy Book, and it is considered to be the sacred
word of God. Muslims believe it is God’s ‘final revelation to humanity’, so they devote
their life to its teachings. Therefore, the country’s ideology will be based off this. The
Hadith3 – a religious law and moral advice second only to the authority of the Qur'an
– would determine how people of the country will behave or act in this country that
follow this Islamic faith.
Unlike Saudi Arabia – whose constitution is founded on a religious text; France is a
secular nation, so they will not adhere to any specific religion. France’s second
constitution was founded after the collapse of the monarchy of the Ancien Regime. A
constitution built on the bloodshed of its Monarchy – King Louis XVI.
The French constitution of 1791, established during the French Revolution 1787 –
17994, it declared that France would be a constitutional monarchy, with the Rights of
Man and Citizen as its foundation. As a result, this will be the foundation of the
country's ideology. The constitution was later ratified in 1958 and is known as the
Constitution of the Fifth Republic. This will have an impact on the people of the
country since it ensures independence – where they could challenge their beliefs
and assumptions without being prosecuted for it.
1
Saudiembassynet, 'Basic Law of Governance ' (The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2021)
<https://www.saudiembassy.net/basic-law-governance>accessed 16 April 2021
2
Qurancom, 'The Noble Quran' (Qurancom, 2021)
<https://quran.com> accessed 16 April 2021
3
Sunnahcom, 'The Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad ( ( ')صلى الله عليه و سلمSunnahcom, 2021)
<https://sunnah.com> accessed 16 April 2021
4
Historycom, 'French Revolution' (Historycom, 2021)
<https://www.history.com/topics/france/french-revolution> accessed 16 April 2021
, Portfolio 4:
The initial interpretation of the question is that it appears to be a plagiarism matter,
but it is actually a question of power. This essay will help to decide whether the
University of Bradford has accurately gone according to what is stated in the
university governance sections or whether they abused their powers and wrongly
taken advantage of Peter.
First and foremost, the fundamental aspects that the University operates on are the
Charter5, Statutes6, Ordinances7 and Regulations8, these set out a well structed
constitutional framework. These characteristics are present to assist in determining
whether the organisations activities are permissible or not.
A charter is a written grant in which a university, a body, city or company are
founded on its rights and privileges. The purpose of a university charter is to
establish the power that the university has. Bradford University’s charter can be
found on its website9. In the charter it states that ‘The University shall… award
degrees and other academic awards10’. This knowledge is relevant to Peter’s case
because it means that any student who has paid for a university education should be
provided with that education. Expelling Peter without providing him with additional
knowledge goes against this idea, as Peter’s ultimate aim was certainly to obtain a
degree after completing his course. There is also fairness in this charter, therefore
Bradford University will have a set of guidelines to orientate how these degrees are
given to students.
‘There shall be a Senate of the University 11. ‘It shall be the duty of the Senate to
bring before the Council any matter coming before them… (e.g.) implications… with
5
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021
6
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021
7
Bradford University, 'Ordinances and Regulations'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/ordinances-and-regulations/> accessed 8 April 2021
8
Bradford University, 'Ordinances and Regulations'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/ordinances-and-regulations/> accessed 8 April 2021
9
https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/
10
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021 Section 4B, Line 1
11
Bradford University, 'University Charter and Statutes'(Bradfordacuk, 15 July 2015)
<https://www.bradford.ac.uk/governance/charter-and-statutes/> accessed 8 April 2021 Section 12, Line 1
