NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER - An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER - the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER - stable level of drug in the body, occurs
in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER - The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER - the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER - bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
,Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER - relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER - -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER - -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as
bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER - An inducer increases the metabolism
of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER - An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER - prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have
reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER - how often a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER - steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
, Warfarin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER - warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - CORRECT ANSWER - -directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption, unable to take
meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - CORRECT ANSWER - -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - CORRECT ANSWER - -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ - CORRECT ANSWER - -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER - An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER - the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER - stable level of drug in the body, occurs
in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER - The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER - the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER - bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
,Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER - relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER - -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER - -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as
bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER - An inducer increases the metabolism
of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER - An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER - prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have
reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER - how often a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER - steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
, Warfarin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER - warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER - direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - CORRECT ANSWER - -directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption, unable to take
meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - CORRECT ANSWER - -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - CORRECT ANSWER - -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ - CORRECT ANSWER - -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
