SSCE NOTES 321
STUDY UNIT 1:
Development of Transport:
Modes of transport have rapidly developed throughout history, from human and
animal power to the use of combustion for vehicles like cars, airplanes, and rockets.
Early Land Transport:
In the prehistoric period, people traveled on foot.
In the Paleolithic era, sleds were used to transport goods, especially in colder
regions.
Working Animals and the Development of Transport:
The domestication of animals such as horses and oxen in the Neolithic era allowed
larger quantities of goods to be transported using animal-drawn sleds and carts.
The Invention of the Wheel:
The wheel was invented around 3500 BC and revolutionized land transport.
The use of chariots and carts quickly spread to various civilizations.
History of the Wheel:
In Mesopotamia, the first true potter's wheels were developed around 4200 BC.
Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared by the late 4th millennium BC in various
cultures.
Road Networks and Infrastructure:
Classical civilizations like the Romans built extensive road networks used for military,
trade, and communication purposes.
Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution:
Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen developed the first practical steam engines
in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
This invention paved the way for the development of the modern railway system.
George Stephenson’s Contribution to Rail Transport:
Stephenson built the first successful steam locomotive, the "Blücher," in 1814.
He also helped establish the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway
to use steam locomotives.
Motor Transport and the Invention of the Car:
Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car with an internal combustion
engine, in 1885.
, Gottlieb Daimler, along with Wilhelm Maybach, developed the first high-speed engine
and created the "Reitwagen," an early motorcycle, in 1886.
Henry Ford and the Model T:
In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the Model T, revolutionizing the automotive industry
by using assembly-line production, making cars more affordable.
Environmental Impact of Transport:
Transport is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to air pollution
and global warming.
Transport’s energy consumption also contributes to traffic congestion and habitat
loss.
Climate Impact of Various Modes of Transport:
Cars account for 40% of transport emissions, while trucks, airplanes, boats, and
trains also contribute.
STUDY UNIT 2:
Rafts and Early Boats:
Ancient people used simple rafts and hollowed-out canoes (dugout boats) to navigate
rivers and coastal waters, dating back to around 8000 BC.
Reed boats, made waterproof with tar, were common in Ancient Egypt and other
cultures like those in Peru and Bolivia.
Kayaks, which were smaller and narrow, were used by indigenous people in North
America.
Development of Sailboats (c. 3000 BC):
Egyptians and Mesopotamians developed early sailboats for trade and transport on
rivers like the Nile.
The Phoenicians built advanced sailing ships around 1200 BC for long-distance sea
trade.
Dhows:
Dhows are traditional sailing vessels used in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea for
trade, fishing, and transport.
Classical Era Innovations:
Greeks and Romans built large warships like triremes, which played key roles in
naval battles.
Romans established an extensive network of ports and ships for maritime trade.
The Age of Exploration (15th Century):
STUDY UNIT 1:
Development of Transport:
Modes of transport have rapidly developed throughout history, from human and
animal power to the use of combustion for vehicles like cars, airplanes, and rockets.
Early Land Transport:
In the prehistoric period, people traveled on foot.
In the Paleolithic era, sleds were used to transport goods, especially in colder
regions.
Working Animals and the Development of Transport:
The domestication of animals such as horses and oxen in the Neolithic era allowed
larger quantities of goods to be transported using animal-drawn sleds and carts.
The Invention of the Wheel:
The wheel was invented around 3500 BC and revolutionized land transport.
The use of chariots and carts quickly spread to various civilizations.
History of the Wheel:
In Mesopotamia, the first true potter's wheels were developed around 4200 BC.
Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared by the late 4th millennium BC in various
cultures.
Road Networks and Infrastructure:
Classical civilizations like the Romans built extensive road networks used for military,
trade, and communication purposes.
Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution:
Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen developed the first practical steam engines
in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
This invention paved the way for the development of the modern railway system.
George Stephenson’s Contribution to Rail Transport:
Stephenson built the first successful steam locomotive, the "Blücher," in 1814.
He also helped establish the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway
to use steam locomotives.
Motor Transport and the Invention of the Car:
Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car with an internal combustion
engine, in 1885.
, Gottlieb Daimler, along with Wilhelm Maybach, developed the first high-speed engine
and created the "Reitwagen," an early motorcycle, in 1886.
Henry Ford and the Model T:
In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the Model T, revolutionizing the automotive industry
by using assembly-line production, making cars more affordable.
Environmental Impact of Transport:
Transport is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to air pollution
and global warming.
Transport’s energy consumption also contributes to traffic congestion and habitat
loss.
Climate Impact of Various Modes of Transport:
Cars account for 40% of transport emissions, while trucks, airplanes, boats, and
trains also contribute.
STUDY UNIT 2:
Rafts and Early Boats:
Ancient people used simple rafts and hollowed-out canoes (dugout boats) to navigate
rivers and coastal waters, dating back to around 8000 BC.
Reed boats, made waterproof with tar, were common in Ancient Egypt and other
cultures like those in Peru and Bolivia.
Kayaks, which were smaller and narrow, were used by indigenous people in North
America.
Development of Sailboats (c. 3000 BC):
Egyptians and Mesopotamians developed early sailboats for trade and transport on
rivers like the Nile.
The Phoenicians built advanced sailing ships around 1200 BC for long-distance sea
trade.
Dhows:
Dhows are traditional sailing vessels used in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea for
trade, fishing, and transport.
Classical Era Innovations:
Greeks and Romans built large warships like triremes, which played key roles in
naval battles.
Romans established an extensive network of ports and ships for maritime trade.
The Age of Exploration (15th Century):
