HISET Science: Study Set| exam Questions and
100% Correct Answers (study Guide)
Photosynthesis - ✔✔Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Thylakoid - ✔✔saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll - ✔✔A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and
some bacteria
Heterotroph - ✔✔organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes- all
animals are considered this.
Autotroph - ✔✔An organism that makes its own food- are able to fix carbon dioxide
into useable organic compounds. Plants are considered these.
Cellular Respiration - ✔✔A metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy. The
energy currency for all cellular activities.
Aerobic Respiration - ✔✔Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration - ✔✔Respiration that does not require oxygen
Fermentation - ✔✔A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end
product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
,Nucleotides - ✔✔The monomers that link together to form nucleic acids
DNA - ✔✔deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living
organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
RNA - ✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information that is
translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes.
(Ribonucleic Acids)
Mutations - ✔✔a random error in gene replication that leads to a permanent change
to an organism's genetic DNA sequence.
Cell Replication - ✔✔Duplicating the genetic material (DNA) and then diving to yield
two daughter cells, which are clones of the parent cell.
Replication - ✔✔The process during which DNA makes copies of itself. *Enzymes
govern the major or step of DNA Replication
Helicase - ✔✔An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA or RNA during it's
replication at the replication forks.
Genes - ✔✔DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Chromosomes - ✔✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain
genetic information in the form of genes.
,Proteins - ✔✔Long chains of amino acids.
Codons - ✔✔A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis ; the basic unit of the genetic code.
Transcription - ✔✔(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a
gene is copied into mRNA
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA (which was previously transcribed from the
DNA) is decoded and a protein is produced.
Amino Acids - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
Genotype - ✔✔genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Alleles - ✔✔different versions of the same gene
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Mendel's Laws of Genetics - ✔✔1st Law: The principle of segregation, states that
alleles will segregate into different cells during the formation of gametes in meiosis
, 2nd Law: The principle of independent assortment, states that genes for different traits
will be assigned to different gametes independent of the others
Punnet Squares - ✔✔A simple diagram showing the possible gene combinations that
might result from a genetic cross
Monihybrid cross - ✔✔the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes
which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
Dihybrid cross - ✔✔a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are
controlled by two distinct genes.
The Theory of Natural Selection - ✔✔Idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that
species survive due to favorable characteristics. The process through which populations
of living organisms adapt and change.
Adaption - ✔✔A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Ecology - ✔✔The study of how living things interact with each other and their
environment.
Intraspecific - ✔✔Interactions between members of the same species
Interspecific - ✔✔Interactions between members of different species
Food Chain - ✔✔series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy
by eating and being eaten
100% Correct Answers (study Guide)
Photosynthesis - ✔✔Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Thylakoid - ✔✔saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll - ✔✔A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and
some bacteria
Heterotroph - ✔✔organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes- all
animals are considered this.
Autotroph - ✔✔An organism that makes its own food- are able to fix carbon dioxide
into useable organic compounds. Plants are considered these.
Cellular Respiration - ✔✔A metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy. The
energy currency for all cellular activities.
Aerobic Respiration - ✔✔Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration - ✔✔Respiration that does not require oxygen
Fermentation - ✔✔A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end
product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
,Nucleotides - ✔✔The monomers that link together to form nucleic acids
DNA - ✔✔deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living
organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
RNA - ✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information that is
translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes.
(Ribonucleic Acids)
Mutations - ✔✔a random error in gene replication that leads to a permanent change
to an organism's genetic DNA sequence.
Cell Replication - ✔✔Duplicating the genetic material (DNA) and then diving to yield
two daughter cells, which are clones of the parent cell.
Replication - ✔✔The process during which DNA makes copies of itself. *Enzymes
govern the major or step of DNA Replication
Helicase - ✔✔An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA or RNA during it's
replication at the replication forks.
Genes - ✔✔DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Chromosomes - ✔✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain
genetic information in the form of genes.
,Proteins - ✔✔Long chains of amino acids.
Codons - ✔✔A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis ; the basic unit of the genetic code.
Transcription - ✔✔(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a
gene is copied into mRNA
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA (which was previously transcribed from the
DNA) is decoded and a protein is produced.
Amino Acids - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
Genotype - ✔✔genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Alleles - ✔✔different versions of the same gene
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Mendel's Laws of Genetics - ✔✔1st Law: The principle of segregation, states that
alleles will segregate into different cells during the formation of gametes in meiosis
, 2nd Law: The principle of independent assortment, states that genes for different traits
will be assigned to different gametes independent of the others
Punnet Squares - ✔✔A simple diagram showing the possible gene combinations that
might result from a genetic cross
Monihybrid cross - ✔✔the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes
which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
Dihybrid cross - ✔✔a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are
controlled by two distinct genes.
The Theory of Natural Selection - ✔✔Idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that
species survive due to favorable characteristics. The process through which populations
of living organisms adapt and change.
Adaption - ✔✔A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Ecology - ✔✔The study of how living things interact with each other and their
environment.
Intraspecific - ✔✔Interactions between members of the same species
Interspecific - ✔✔Interactions between members of different species
Food Chain - ✔✔series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy
by eating and being eaten
