HS 2300 Midterm Exam Study Set 2025
Anatomical position - ANSWER person facing forward, feet flat, limbs extended, and
palms facing forward
-this is the standard position that we start with in anatomy
what are the three different planes of the body - ANSWER -the body can be divided into
different portions by planes, which are 2D cuts through the body
-sagittal plane: cuts body in left and right parts, this can also be relative to a specific
body part, if the cut is at the midline, it is called midsagittal
-frontal (coronal) plance: divided body between front and back, so anterior and
posterior
-transverse (axial) plane: divided body between top and bottom
what is an anatomical section and what are the different types - ANSWER -these are
physical cuts in the body to display a cross section of anatomy
-the sagittal plane is seen through a longitudinal section
-transverse plane can be seen through transverse section
-oblique section is taken on an angle
-the anatomy depicted is highly dependent on what plane the body is cut
explain the common terms superior/inferior, posterior/anterior, proximal/distal,
medial/lateral - ANSWER -superior/inferior = upper/below
-posterior/anterior = toward back/toward front, also ventral/dorsal
-proximal/distal = close to trunk/farther from trunk
-medial/distal= closer to midline/farther from midline
explain term plantar/dorsal - ANSWER plantar is the sole of foot, dorsal is the back of
hand or foot
explain term pollicus/hallicus - ANSWER pollicus is pertaining to the thumbs, hallicus is
pertaining to the great toe
explain term cranial/caudal - ANSWER cranial is pertaining to or located toward the
head(aka rostral), caudal is pertaining to or located toward the tail
explain term apical/basal - ANSWER -pertaining to the top or apex
,-pertaining to the bottom or base
what are the anatomical cavities - ANSWER these house the major organs of the body
-so there is the cranial cavity, the vertebral canal, the thoraic cavity, the abdominal
cavity and the pelvic cavity
- the thoracic cavity can be further divided into the pericardial cavity (mediastium) that
holds heart and the right and left pleural cavities that each contain a lung
-the thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominal cavity by the diagphragm
how is. the abdomen divided into regions and what is the use for these - ANSWER -these
refer to anatomical regions that you could palpate in surface anatomy
-so these are clinically important because they are correlated to the organs that are
beneath the skin
-so the abdomen is separated into 9 section, split by the right and left midclavicular lines
-from top right to bottom left, this is the order:
-right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypocondriac region
-right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region
-right inguinal region, pubic region, left inguinal region
what are the common movevements that occur at joints - ANSWER -flexion: decrease
angle between bones at a joint
-extension: increase angles between bones at a joint
-protraction: move forward (scapula and mandible)
-retraction: move backward
-elevation: superior direction
depression: inferior direction (mandible)
-pronation: palm rotates downward
-supination: palm rotates upward
-lateral rotation: along long axis away from midline
-medial rotation: along long axis toward midline
-abduction:move away from midline
-adduction: move toward midline
,-circumduction: distal aspect of a limb makes a circle
what are the 5 movements of the thumb - ANSWER -remember that there is also finger
adduction and abduction
-adduction of thumb: align thumb w hand in sagittal plane
-abduction of thumb: thumb moves anterior in sagittal plane
-flexion: thumb comes towards midline in frontal plane
-extension:thumb moves away from midline, frontal plane
-opposition: bring thumb towards digits, touch thumb to fingers
what are the joint movements at the ankle - ANSWER -eversion: tilt sole away from
midline
-inversion: tilt sole toward the midline
-dorsiflexion: flex foot upwards
-plantarflexion: flex foot downwards
what are the main functions of the skeleton - ANSWER -support and framework
-leverage for movements
-protection of vital organs
-storage of minerals
- production of blood cells
what are the two sections of the skeleton and what divides into them - ANSWER -the
skeleton can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton
-the axial is anything around the central axis of the body, so skull sternum, ribs,
vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
-the appendicular skeleton is basically everything else,s o the upper and lower limbs( so
arm, forearm, and hand; thigh, shank/leg, and foot)
which sides are the radius and ulna on in the forearm? - ANSWER the radius is lateral is
anatomical position
-so the radius is on the side with the thumb
what are the carpals and tarsals and phalanges - ANSWER -carpals are the small bones
in the base of the hand that make up the wrist joint and tarsals are equivalent to the
carpasl but they are in the ankle joint
, -the phalanges are the bones of your toes or your fingers
explain the tarsals of the foot and where they are locates - ANSWER calcaneus is the
heel
-the talus makes up the ankle joint
- the naviucular is just anterior to talus on medial side
-the cuboid is on the lateral side next to navicular and then you have three cuneiforms
on the medial side
what are the characteristics of the long bone - ANSWER -ex is humerus, femur, tibia, or
ulna
-it has a tubular shape, so provides strength, structure, and mobility in the limbs
-has compact bone tissue in diaphysis, then spongy bone in the epiphysis
what are the characteristics of a short bone - ANSWER ex is carpal and tarsal bones
-these are cuboidal in shape, they provide support and stability with limited movement
-these are composed mostly of spongy bone
what are the characteristics of flat bones - ANSWER -ex skull, pelvis, sternum
- flat in shape and sometimes curved, so provided protection or broad surfaces of
muscle attachment
-this is two plates of compact bone, with spongy bone in between
what are the characteristics of irregular bones - ANSWER -ex is facial bones, scapula,
hyoid, vertebrae
-these are oddly shaped, so they have various functions like nerve protection and
skeletal muscle attachment, also protect vital organs
-mostly spongy bone
what are the characteristics of sesamoid bones - ANSWER -ex patella
-small, round, imbedded in tendons, develop where tendons cross long bones, so the
provide protection for tendons from wear and tear
tuberosity - ANSWER -part of attachments of bony landmarks
large rounded elevation
crest - ANSWER -part of attachments of bony landmarks
- ridge of a bone
Anatomical position - ANSWER person facing forward, feet flat, limbs extended, and
palms facing forward
-this is the standard position that we start with in anatomy
what are the three different planes of the body - ANSWER -the body can be divided into
different portions by planes, which are 2D cuts through the body
-sagittal plane: cuts body in left and right parts, this can also be relative to a specific
body part, if the cut is at the midline, it is called midsagittal
-frontal (coronal) plance: divided body between front and back, so anterior and
posterior
-transverse (axial) plane: divided body between top and bottom
what is an anatomical section and what are the different types - ANSWER -these are
physical cuts in the body to display a cross section of anatomy
-the sagittal plane is seen through a longitudinal section
-transverse plane can be seen through transverse section
-oblique section is taken on an angle
-the anatomy depicted is highly dependent on what plane the body is cut
explain the common terms superior/inferior, posterior/anterior, proximal/distal,
medial/lateral - ANSWER -superior/inferior = upper/below
-posterior/anterior = toward back/toward front, also ventral/dorsal
-proximal/distal = close to trunk/farther from trunk
-medial/distal= closer to midline/farther from midline
explain term plantar/dorsal - ANSWER plantar is the sole of foot, dorsal is the back of
hand or foot
explain term pollicus/hallicus - ANSWER pollicus is pertaining to the thumbs, hallicus is
pertaining to the great toe
explain term cranial/caudal - ANSWER cranial is pertaining to or located toward the
head(aka rostral), caudal is pertaining to or located toward the tail
explain term apical/basal - ANSWER -pertaining to the top or apex
,-pertaining to the bottom or base
what are the anatomical cavities - ANSWER these house the major organs of the body
-so there is the cranial cavity, the vertebral canal, the thoraic cavity, the abdominal
cavity and the pelvic cavity
- the thoracic cavity can be further divided into the pericardial cavity (mediastium) that
holds heart and the right and left pleural cavities that each contain a lung
-the thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominal cavity by the diagphragm
how is. the abdomen divided into regions and what is the use for these - ANSWER -these
refer to anatomical regions that you could palpate in surface anatomy
-so these are clinically important because they are correlated to the organs that are
beneath the skin
-so the abdomen is separated into 9 section, split by the right and left midclavicular lines
-from top right to bottom left, this is the order:
-right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypocondriac region
-right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region
-right inguinal region, pubic region, left inguinal region
what are the common movevements that occur at joints - ANSWER -flexion: decrease
angle between bones at a joint
-extension: increase angles between bones at a joint
-protraction: move forward (scapula and mandible)
-retraction: move backward
-elevation: superior direction
depression: inferior direction (mandible)
-pronation: palm rotates downward
-supination: palm rotates upward
-lateral rotation: along long axis away from midline
-medial rotation: along long axis toward midline
-abduction:move away from midline
-adduction: move toward midline
,-circumduction: distal aspect of a limb makes a circle
what are the 5 movements of the thumb - ANSWER -remember that there is also finger
adduction and abduction
-adduction of thumb: align thumb w hand in sagittal plane
-abduction of thumb: thumb moves anterior in sagittal plane
-flexion: thumb comes towards midline in frontal plane
-extension:thumb moves away from midline, frontal plane
-opposition: bring thumb towards digits, touch thumb to fingers
what are the joint movements at the ankle - ANSWER -eversion: tilt sole away from
midline
-inversion: tilt sole toward the midline
-dorsiflexion: flex foot upwards
-plantarflexion: flex foot downwards
what are the main functions of the skeleton - ANSWER -support and framework
-leverage for movements
-protection of vital organs
-storage of minerals
- production of blood cells
what are the two sections of the skeleton and what divides into them - ANSWER -the
skeleton can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton
-the axial is anything around the central axis of the body, so skull sternum, ribs,
vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
-the appendicular skeleton is basically everything else,s o the upper and lower limbs( so
arm, forearm, and hand; thigh, shank/leg, and foot)
which sides are the radius and ulna on in the forearm? - ANSWER the radius is lateral is
anatomical position
-so the radius is on the side with the thumb
what are the carpals and tarsals and phalanges - ANSWER -carpals are the small bones
in the base of the hand that make up the wrist joint and tarsals are equivalent to the
carpasl but they are in the ankle joint
, -the phalanges are the bones of your toes or your fingers
explain the tarsals of the foot and where they are locates - ANSWER calcaneus is the
heel
-the talus makes up the ankle joint
- the naviucular is just anterior to talus on medial side
-the cuboid is on the lateral side next to navicular and then you have three cuneiforms
on the medial side
what are the characteristics of the long bone - ANSWER -ex is humerus, femur, tibia, or
ulna
-it has a tubular shape, so provides strength, structure, and mobility in the limbs
-has compact bone tissue in diaphysis, then spongy bone in the epiphysis
what are the characteristics of a short bone - ANSWER ex is carpal and tarsal bones
-these are cuboidal in shape, they provide support and stability with limited movement
-these are composed mostly of spongy bone
what are the characteristics of flat bones - ANSWER -ex skull, pelvis, sternum
- flat in shape and sometimes curved, so provided protection or broad surfaces of
muscle attachment
-this is two plates of compact bone, with spongy bone in between
what are the characteristics of irregular bones - ANSWER -ex is facial bones, scapula,
hyoid, vertebrae
-these are oddly shaped, so they have various functions like nerve protection and
skeletal muscle attachment, also protect vital organs
-mostly spongy bone
what are the characteristics of sesamoid bones - ANSWER -ex patella
-small, round, imbedded in tendons, develop where tendons cross long bones, so the
provide protection for tendons from wear and tear
tuberosity - ANSWER -part of attachments of bony landmarks
large rounded elevation
crest - ANSWER -part of attachments of bony landmarks
- ridge of a bone
