2024
November OSPE
NOTES
TERM 2 SEM 4
,Table of Contents
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY....................................2
HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.........11
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY...........................................33
Placental Histology................................................................41
,MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
Adapted from Flashcards
The Pelvis
What is the pelvis
Surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) and contains pelvic viscera
reproductive organs, urinary bladder & rectum
Subdivided into 2 regions (separated by pelvic brim)
True pelvis (lesser pelvis) smaller
is related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyx
has an inlet and an outlet.
False pelvis (greater pelvis)
is superior region
related to upper parts of the pelvic bones and lower lumbar vertebrae
Considered to be a part of the abdomen
What is the pelvic diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that forms the perineum cavity
Function→where external genitalia is anchored
What are the functions of the pelvis
Weight bearing
Support & protect viscera
Muscle attachment
Functions of the pelvic cavity in males
In males what does the pelvic cavity contain→the pelvic cavity contains
the site of connection between the urinary and reproductive tracts.
What are the major glands associated with the reproductive system→the
prostate and two seminal vesicles.
What does the perineum anchor→ perineum anchors the roots of the
external genitalia - erectile tissue and associated skeletal muscle
Pelvic inlet
Function→Structures pass between the abdomen and the pelvic cavity
through the pelvic inlet.
The pelvic brim function→is the edge of the pelvic inlet – it divides the
true pelvis from the false pelvis.
Pelvic walls
What do the walls consist of→Consist predominantly of bone, muscle, and
ligaments, with the sacrum, coccyx, and the inferior half of the pelvic
bones.
The sacrospinous ligaments
Attachments→From the ischial spine to sacrum
The sacrotuberous ligament
Attachment→from the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum
What do the sacrospinous ligament and the the sacrotuberous
ligament form→The two notches on the pelvic bones—the greater and
lesser sciatic
What are two other muscles on the pelvic walls→The obturator
internus - enters the lesser sciatic foramen and piriformis
, muscles - enters the greater sciatic foramen
What lines the pelvic cavity→The pelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum -
drapes over the superior aspects of the pelvic viscera, but in most regions,
does not reach the pelvic floor. Thus organs sit below the peritoneum
Pelvic Outlet
What does it form→a Diamond-shaped.
Inferior margin of the pelvic bone projects posteriorly and laterally from
the pubic symphysis to end in the ischial tuberosity.
Forms the margin of the anterior half of the pelvic outlet.
The sacrotuberous ligament continues this margin posteriorly from the
ischial tuberosity to the coccyx and sacrum.
The pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx can all be
palpated.
Anterior border→Pubic symphisis
Posterior border→Coccyx
Lateral borders→ischial tuberosity
Components of the Pelvic floor
Function→Separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum
What forms the pelvic floor→It is formed by muscles and fascia.
What forms the Pelvic diaphram→three levator ani and coccygeus
muscles.
Levator ani muscles from midline to lateral aspect
Puborectalis
pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
What joins the muscle together at the midline→A connective tissue raphe
What are the two openings in the pelvic diaphragm→urogenital
hiatus and rectal hiatus.
How is the perineal membrane divided
Superiorly there is the deep perineal pouch with with deep perineal
transverse muscles. Only found on anterior side
Inferiorly there is the superficial pouch where the roots of external
genitalia attach
What is the perineal membrane→a thick, triangular fascial sheet that
fills the space between the arms of the pubic arch.
How does the urethra relate to the perineum→The urethra
penetrates the pelvic floor to pass from the pelvic cavity to the perineum.
Perineum triangles
Explain the formation
An imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities
divides the perineum into two triangular regions.
Anteriorly, the urogenital triangle contains the roots of the external
genitalia. This is oriented in the horizontal plane
Posteriorly, the anal triangle contains the anal aperture. Tilted upwards
Anatomical borders of the perineum triangle
November OSPE
NOTES
TERM 2 SEM 4
,Table of Contents
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY....................................2
HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.........11
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY...........................................33
Placental Histology................................................................41
,MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
Adapted from Flashcards
The Pelvis
What is the pelvis
Surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) and contains pelvic viscera
reproductive organs, urinary bladder & rectum
Subdivided into 2 regions (separated by pelvic brim)
True pelvis (lesser pelvis) smaller
is related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyx
has an inlet and an outlet.
False pelvis (greater pelvis)
is superior region
related to upper parts of the pelvic bones and lower lumbar vertebrae
Considered to be a part of the abdomen
What is the pelvic diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that forms the perineum cavity
Function→where external genitalia is anchored
What are the functions of the pelvis
Weight bearing
Support & protect viscera
Muscle attachment
Functions of the pelvic cavity in males
In males what does the pelvic cavity contain→the pelvic cavity contains
the site of connection between the urinary and reproductive tracts.
What are the major glands associated with the reproductive system→the
prostate and two seminal vesicles.
What does the perineum anchor→ perineum anchors the roots of the
external genitalia - erectile tissue and associated skeletal muscle
Pelvic inlet
Function→Structures pass between the abdomen and the pelvic cavity
through the pelvic inlet.
The pelvic brim function→is the edge of the pelvic inlet – it divides the
true pelvis from the false pelvis.
Pelvic walls
What do the walls consist of→Consist predominantly of bone, muscle, and
ligaments, with the sacrum, coccyx, and the inferior half of the pelvic
bones.
The sacrospinous ligaments
Attachments→From the ischial spine to sacrum
The sacrotuberous ligament
Attachment→from the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum
What do the sacrospinous ligament and the the sacrotuberous
ligament form→The two notches on the pelvic bones—the greater and
lesser sciatic
What are two other muscles on the pelvic walls→The obturator
internus - enters the lesser sciatic foramen and piriformis
, muscles - enters the greater sciatic foramen
What lines the pelvic cavity→The pelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum -
drapes over the superior aspects of the pelvic viscera, but in most regions,
does not reach the pelvic floor. Thus organs sit below the peritoneum
Pelvic Outlet
What does it form→a Diamond-shaped.
Inferior margin of the pelvic bone projects posteriorly and laterally from
the pubic symphysis to end in the ischial tuberosity.
Forms the margin of the anterior half of the pelvic outlet.
The sacrotuberous ligament continues this margin posteriorly from the
ischial tuberosity to the coccyx and sacrum.
The pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx can all be
palpated.
Anterior border→Pubic symphisis
Posterior border→Coccyx
Lateral borders→ischial tuberosity
Components of the Pelvic floor
Function→Separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum
What forms the pelvic floor→It is formed by muscles and fascia.
What forms the Pelvic diaphram→three levator ani and coccygeus
muscles.
Levator ani muscles from midline to lateral aspect
Puborectalis
pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
What joins the muscle together at the midline→A connective tissue raphe
What are the two openings in the pelvic diaphragm→urogenital
hiatus and rectal hiatus.
How is the perineal membrane divided
Superiorly there is the deep perineal pouch with with deep perineal
transverse muscles. Only found on anterior side
Inferiorly there is the superficial pouch where the roots of external
genitalia attach
What is the perineal membrane→a thick, triangular fascial sheet that
fills the space between the arms of the pubic arch.
How does the urethra relate to the perineum→The urethra
penetrates the pelvic floor to pass from the pelvic cavity to the perineum.
Perineum triangles
Explain the formation
An imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities
divides the perineum into two triangular regions.
Anteriorly, the urogenital triangle contains the roots of the external
genitalia. This is oriented in the horizontal plane
Posteriorly, the anal triangle contains the anal aperture. Tilted upwards
Anatomical borders of the perineum triangle
