TEST BANK for Human Learning
c c c c c
8th Edition Ormrod,CHAPTER 1 - 15
c c c c c
, CHAPTERc1
PERSPECTIVEScONcLEARNING
MultiplecChoicecQuestions
Humancbeingscundoubtedlyclearncmorecduringctheccoursecofcaclifetimecthancan
ycothercspeciesconcearth.cThecmajorcresultcofcthisccapacityctoclearnciscthat:
Newcinstinctscbeginctocemerge.
Humancthoughtcbecomesclessclogicalcwithceachcgeneration.cHu
mansccancbenefitcfromctheircexperiences.
Humanscarectheconlycspeciescwhosecbehaviorccannotcbecanalyzedcincterm
scofcstimulicandcresponses.
Threecofcthecfollowingcarecexamplescofclearning.cWhichconeciscnot?
Abigailccriescwhencshecstepsconcacsharpcpebble.
Aftercmanychourscofcheatedcdebate,cBriancbeginsctocadvocatecp
oliticalcpracticeschechascpreviouslycopposed.
Caracsuddenlycrecognizeschowcthecdivisioncfactc―24c’c4c=c6‖ciscrelatedctoc
thecmultiplicationcfactc―6cxc4c=c24.‖
DavidchascbeencrunningcawaycfromcGermancshepherdscevercsincechecwasc
bittencbycacGermancshepherdctwocyearscago.
Reyneldachasctroublectracingcaccomplexcshapecwithcacpencilcwhencsheciscincki
ndergarten,cbutcsheccancdocitcquitecwellcbycthectimecsheciscincsecondcgrade.cIscthisc
ancinstancecofclearning?
Yes,cbecausechercbehaviorchascchanged.
No,cbecausectheccircumstancescarectoocdissimilar.
Maybe,calthoughcthecchangecmaycsimplycbecduectocphysiologic
alcmaturation.
Maybe,cbutconlycifcsheciscbeingcreinforcedcforctracingcaccurately.
2
, Chapterc1c–cPerspectivesconcLearning
Threecofcthecfollowingcillustratecvariouscwayscthatclearningcmightc bec reflectedc
incacperson‘scbehavior.cWhichconecofcthecfollowingcchangescdoescnotcnecessarilycr
eflectclearning?
Althoughcit‘scacschoolcnight,cDeancplayscvideocgamescuntilcwellcpastchiscus
ualcbedtime.cAschecbecomescmorectired,checfindscitcincreasinglycdifficultct
occoncentrateconcwhatche‘scdoing.
Evencascacyoungcchild,cJerryccouldctellcyoucthatchiscgrandparentscim
migratedctocthecUnitedcStatescfromcIreland.cButcaftercacconversatio
ncwithchiscgrandmother,checcancnowcdescribectheccircumstancescofct
hecfamily‘scimmigrationcincconsiderablecdetail.
Daycaftercday,cMartincpracticeschiscbasketballcskillsc (shooting,cdribbling,c
etc.)concacbasketballccourtcatcaclocalcpark.cWithceachcpracticecsession,chisc
movementscbecomecfastercandcsmoother.
Lewiscoccasionallycaskscforchelpcwhenchechascdifficultycwithchiscclassw
ork,cbutcmostcofcthectimechecjustcstrugglescquietlyconchiscown.cAfterchiscte
achercassureschimcthatcaskingcforchelpciscnotcacsigncofcweaknesscorcinabili
ty,checbeginscaskingcforchelpcmuchcmorecfrequently.
researchcexaminesclearningcinctightlyccontrolledcsettingscand
researchcexaminesclearningcincreal-worldcsettings.
Applied;cBasiccBasi
c;cQualitativecQualit
ative;cAppliedcBasic
;cApplied
Acprinciplecofclearningccancbestcbeccharacterizedcas:
Acdescriptioncofcthecresultscofcacparticularcresearchcstudy
Acstatementcthatcdescribeschowcacparticularcfactorcaffectsclearning
Thecmeasurementcofchowcmuchclearningchascoccurredcincacparti
cularcsituation
Ancexplanationcofcthecunderlyingcprocessescthroughcwhichclearningcoccurs
Actheorycofclearningccancbestcbeccharacterizedcas:
Acdescriptioncofcthecresultscofcacparticularcresearchcstudy
Acstatementcthatcdescribeschowcacparticularcfactorcaffectsclearning
Thecmeasurementcofchowcmuchclearningchascoccurredcincacparti
cularcsituation
Ancexplanationcofcthecunderlyingcprocessescthroughcwhichclearningcoccurs
3
, Chapterc1c–cPerspectivesconcLearning
Threecofcthecfollowingcarecprinciplescofclearning.cWhichconeciscactheory
ofclearningcrathercthancacprinciple?
Acbehaviorcthatciscfollowedcbycpunishmentcdecreasescincfrequency.
Peopleclearncbycmakingcmentalcassociationscbetweencnewcinformationca
ndctheircexistingcknowledge.
Acresponsecthatciscrewardedceveryctimecitcoccurscincreasescmorecrap
idlycthancacresponsecthatcisconlycoccasionallycrewarded.
Studentsctendctocremembercmorecofcaclecturecifctheyctakecnotesconcth
eclecture‘sccontent.
Whichconecofcthecfollowingccommoncsayingscbestcreflectscthecconceptcofc
introspection?
―Wherecthere‘scacwill,cthere‘scacway.‖
―Nothingcventured,cnothingcgained.‖
―Acpennycforc yourcthoughts.‖
―Oldchabitscdiechard.‖
Whichconecofcthecfollowingccommoncsayingscbestcreflectscthecbasiccp
remisecunderlyingcsocialclearningctheory?
―Monkeyc see,c monkeyc do.‖
―Sparecthecrodcandcspoilcthecchild.‖
―Acfriendcincneedciscacfriendcindeed.‖
―Acrollingcstonecgatherscnocmoss.‖
Whichconecofcthecfollowingcstatementscprovidescthecmostccrediblecexplanatio
ncforcthecfactcthatchumancbeingscseemctocsurpasscallcothercanimalcspeciescinctheirct
hinkingcandclearningccapacities?
Onlychumancbeingschavectheccapabilityctocmakectools.
Humansccommunicatecregularlycwithconecanothercand,cincdoingcso,cpas
scalongcwhatcthey‘veclearnedctocfuturecgenerations.
Humancbeingschavecachugecrepertoirecofcinstinctualcbehaviorscfromcwhic
hctheyccancdrawcwhenctheycencountercnewcexperiences.
Humancbrainscarecsmallercthancthosecofcothercintelligentcspeciesc(e.g.,cel
ephants,cdolphins)candcthereforeccanctransmitcmessagescmorecquicklycan
dcefficiently.
4
c c c c c
8th Edition Ormrod,CHAPTER 1 - 15
c c c c c
, CHAPTERc1
PERSPECTIVEScONcLEARNING
MultiplecChoicecQuestions
Humancbeingscundoubtedlyclearncmorecduringctheccoursecofcaclifetimecthancan
ycothercspeciesconcearth.cThecmajorcresultcofcthisccapacityctoclearnciscthat:
Newcinstinctscbeginctocemerge.
Humancthoughtcbecomesclessclogicalcwithceachcgeneration.cHu
mansccancbenefitcfromctheircexperiences.
Humanscarectheconlycspeciescwhosecbehaviorccannotcbecanalyzedcincterm
scofcstimulicandcresponses.
Threecofcthecfollowingcarecexamplescofclearning.cWhichconeciscnot?
Abigailccriescwhencshecstepsconcacsharpcpebble.
Aftercmanychourscofcheatedcdebate,cBriancbeginsctocadvocatecp
oliticalcpracticeschechascpreviouslycopposed.
Caracsuddenlycrecognizeschowcthecdivisioncfactc―24c’c4c=c6‖ciscrelatedctoc
thecmultiplicationcfactc―6cxc4c=c24.‖
DavidchascbeencrunningcawaycfromcGermancshepherdscevercsincechecwasc
bittencbycacGermancshepherdctwocyearscago.
Reyneldachasctroublectracingcaccomplexcshapecwithcacpencilcwhencsheciscincki
ndergarten,cbutcsheccancdocitcquitecwellcbycthectimecsheciscincsecondcgrade.cIscthisc
ancinstancecofclearning?
Yes,cbecausechercbehaviorchascchanged.
No,cbecausectheccircumstancescarectoocdissimilar.
Maybe,calthoughcthecchangecmaycsimplycbecduectocphysiologic
alcmaturation.
Maybe,cbutconlycifcsheciscbeingcreinforcedcforctracingcaccurately.
2
, Chapterc1c–cPerspectivesconcLearning
Threecofcthecfollowingcillustratecvariouscwayscthatclearningcmightc bec reflectedc
incacperson‘scbehavior.cWhichconecofcthecfollowingcchangescdoescnotcnecessarilycr
eflectclearning?
Althoughcit‘scacschoolcnight,cDeancplayscvideocgamescuntilcwellcpastchiscus
ualcbedtime.cAschecbecomescmorectired,checfindscitcincreasinglycdifficultct
occoncentrateconcwhatche‘scdoing.
Evencascacyoungcchild,cJerryccouldctellcyoucthatchiscgrandparentscim
migratedctocthecUnitedcStatescfromcIreland.cButcaftercacconversatio
ncwithchiscgrandmother,checcancnowcdescribectheccircumstancescofct
hecfamily‘scimmigrationcincconsiderablecdetail.
Daycaftercday,cMartincpracticeschiscbasketballcskillsc (shooting,cdribbling,c
etc.)concacbasketballccourtcatcaclocalcpark.cWithceachcpracticecsession,chisc
movementscbecomecfastercandcsmoother.
Lewiscoccasionallycaskscforchelpcwhenchechascdifficultycwithchiscclassw
ork,cbutcmostcofcthectimechecjustcstrugglescquietlyconchiscown.cAfterchiscte
achercassureschimcthatcaskingcforchelpciscnotcacsigncofcweaknesscorcinabili
ty,checbeginscaskingcforchelpcmuchcmorecfrequently.
researchcexaminesclearningcinctightlyccontrolledcsettingscand
researchcexaminesclearningcincreal-worldcsettings.
Applied;cBasiccBasi
c;cQualitativecQualit
ative;cAppliedcBasic
;cApplied
Acprinciplecofclearningccancbestcbeccharacterizedcas:
Acdescriptioncofcthecresultscofcacparticularcresearchcstudy
Acstatementcthatcdescribeschowcacparticularcfactorcaffectsclearning
Thecmeasurementcofchowcmuchclearningchascoccurredcincacparti
cularcsituation
Ancexplanationcofcthecunderlyingcprocessescthroughcwhichclearningcoccurs
Actheorycofclearningccancbestcbeccharacterizedcas:
Acdescriptioncofcthecresultscofcacparticularcresearchcstudy
Acstatementcthatcdescribeschowcacparticularcfactorcaffectsclearning
Thecmeasurementcofchowcmuchclearningchascoccurredcincacparti
cularcsituation
Ancexplanationcofcthecunderlyingcprocessescthroughcwhichclearningcoccurs
3
, Chapterc1c–cPerspectivesconcLearning
Threecofcthecfollowingcarecprinciplescofclearning.cWhichconeciscactheory
ofclearningcrathercthancacprinciple?
Acbehaviorcthatciscfollowedcbycpunishmentcdecreasescincfrequency.
Peopleclearncbycmakingcmentalcassociationscbetweencnewcinformationca
ndctheircexistingcknowledge.
Acresponsecthatciscrewardedceveryctimecitcoccurscincreasescmorecrap
idlycthancacresponsecthatcisconlycoccasionallycrewarded.
Studentsctendctocremembercmorecofcaclecturecifctheyctakecnotesconcth
eclecture‘sccontent.
Whichconecofcthecfollowingccommoncsayingscbestcreflectscthecconceptcofc
introspection?
―Wherecthere‘scacwill,cthere‘scacway.‖
―Nothingcventured,cnothingcgained.‖
―Acpennycforc yourcthoughts.‖
―Oldchabitscdiechard.‖
Whichconecofcthecfollowingccommoncsayingscbestcreflectscthecbasiccp
remisecunderlyingcsocialclearningctheory?
―Monkeyc see,c monkeyc do.‖
―Sparecthecrodcandcspoilcthecchild.‖
―Acfriendcincneedciscacfriendcindeed.‖
―Acrollingcstonecgatherscnocmoss.‖
Whichconecofcthecfollowingcstatementscprovidescthecmostccrediblecexplanatio
ncforcthecfactcthatchumancbeingscseemctocsurpasscallcothercanimalcspeciescinctheirct
hinkingcandclearningccapacities?
Onlychumancbeingschavectheccapabilityctocmakectools.
Humansccommunicatecregularlycwithconecanothercand,cincdoingcso,cpas
scalongcwhatcthey‘veclearnedctocfuturecgenerations.
Humancbeingschavecachugecrepertoirecofcinstinctualcbehaviorscfromcwhic
hctheyccancdrawcwhenctheycencountercnewcexperiences.
Humancbrainscarecsmallercthancthosecofcothercintelligentcspeciesc(e.g.,cel
ephants,cdolphins)candcthereforeccanctransmitcmessagescmorecquicklycan
dcefficiently.
4
