SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL for Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell Updated A+

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

,Artificial Intelligence dg




dgdgdgdg 1 Introduction ...
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dgdgdgdg 2 Intelligent Agents ...
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II Problem-solving
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dgdgdgdg 3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
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dgdgdgdg 4 Search in Complex Environments ...
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dgdgdgdg 5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
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dgdgdgdg 6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
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dgdgdgdg 7 Logical Agents ...
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dgdgdgdg 8 First-Order Logic ...
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dgdgdgdg 9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
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dgdgdgdg 10 Knowledge Representation ...
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dgdgdgdg 11 Automated Planning ...
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IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
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dgdgdgdg 12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
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dgdgdgdg 13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
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dgdgdgdg 14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
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dgdgdgdg 15 Probabilistic Programming ...
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dgdgdgdg 16 Making Simple Decisions ...
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dgdgdgdg 17 Making Complex Decisions ...
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dgdgdgdg 18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
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V Machine Learning
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,dgdgdgdg 19 Learning from Examples ...
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dgdgdgdg 20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
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dgdgdgdg 21 Deep Learning ...
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dgdgdgdg 22 Reinforcement Learning ...
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VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
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dgdgdgdg 23 Natural Language Processing ...
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dgdgdgdg 24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
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dgdgdgdg 25 Computer Vision ...
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dgdgdgdg 26 Robotics ...
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VII Conclusions dg




dgdgdgdg 27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
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dgdgdgdg 28 The Future of AI
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, EXERCISES d g d g




1
INTRODUCTION
Notethatfor manyofthequestions inthischapter, wegivereferences whereanswerscanbe found ra
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ther than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
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1.1 What Is AI? d g dg dg




Exercise1.1.#DEFA gd




Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra- dg dg dg dg d g dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg




tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
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a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply knowle dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg




dge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit from ex
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perience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantifiable we wo d g dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg dg




uldusesomethinglike“theabilitytoact successfullyacross a wide range of objectives in co
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mplex environments.” dg




b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that perf
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orm well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the right th
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ing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the current state is, wh
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at the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
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c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action inresponse topercepts froman envi-
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ronment. dg




d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given what it
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knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is perfectratio
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nality; Section??describestheimpossibilityofachievingperfectrational- dg dg gd g
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ity and proposes an alternative definition.
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e. Wedefinelogicalreasoningastheaprocessofderivingnewsentencesfromold,such thatthe
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newsentencesarenecessarilytrueiftheoldonesaretrue. (Noticethatdoesnot refertoanyspec
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ificsyntaxorformallanguage,butitdoesr equireawell-definednotion of truth.)
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Exercise1.1.#TURI gd




Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objection
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stohisproposedenterpriseandhistestforintelligence. Whichobjectionsstillcarry
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