Biological Concepts Proficiency Study Guide-NWACC
Atomic Number - correct answerThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; each
elements has a unique atomic number.
Isotopes - correct answerAtoms of the same elements that (the same number of protons) have
different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass
numbers.
Atomic mass - correct answerMass of an atomic particle sub-atomic particle, or molecule.
Protons=6 Neutrons=6
6+6=12
Atomic number =12
Atom - correct answer{11 protons, 12 neutrons]
11 electons
Orbital (Probability Map) - correct answer-A representation of the space occupied by an
electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron
-That describes a hydrogen electron in its lowest possible energy state
-The more intense the color of a given dot, the more likely it is that the electron will be found at
that point
Octet rule - correct answerEight electrons are required to fill these orbitals, so these elements
typically obey this rule; they are surrounded by eight electrons.
Ionic Bonding - correct answerThe attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent Bonding - correct answerA type of bonding in which atoms share electrons.
Hydrogen Bonding - correct answerUnusually strong dipole-dipole attract ions that occur
among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
Polar Covalent Bond - correct answer-A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared
equally because on atom attracts them more strongly than the other.
-Bonds that are not partly ionic
Nonpolar Covalen Bond - correct answerWith equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when
the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.
Polar (Hydrophilic) Substances - correct answer-trending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted
by water: a hydrophilic colloid.
-loves water
, Biological Concepts Proficiency Study Guide-NWACC
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) Substance - correct answer-prefer other neutral molecules and
nonpolar solvents
-these type of molecules in water often cluster together, forming micelles.
-water on this surface will exhibit a high contact angle (water dropplet on web or leaf)
-hates water
Anabolic Reaction - correct answer-refers to all of the metabolic reactions that build or
assemble more complex molecules from simple ones
-chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex
moleucles
-usually require energy
-build new molecules and/or store energy
-energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive ______ reactions
Catabolic Reaction - correct answer-usually release energy that is used to drive chemical
reactions
-chemical reactions that break down molecules, either to extract energy or to produce simple
molecules fo constructing others.
(Ion-) Exchange Reaction - correct answer-any of a class of chemical reactions between two
substances (each consisting of positively and negatively charged species called ions) that
involves an exchange of one or more ionic components. Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms,
that bear a positive or negative electric charge.
Energy - correct answerThe capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat.
-chemical reactions often involve changes in energy due to the breaking and formation of
bonds.
Endergonic Reactions (non-spoontaneous reaction or unfavorable reaction) - correct answer-is
a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is
absorbed.
Exergonic Reactions - correct answer-a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy
is negative )there is a net release of free energy), indicating a spontaneous reaction.
The factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions - correct answer-surface area of a solid
reactant
-concentration or pressure of a reactant
Atomic Number - correct answerThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; each
elements has a unique atomic number.
Isotopes - correct answerAtoms of the same elements that (the same number of protons) have
different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass
numbers.
Atomic mass - correct answerMass of an atomic particle sub-atomic particle, or molecule.
Protons=6 Neutrons=6
6+6=12
Atomic number =12
Atom - correct answer{11 protons, 12 neutrons]
11 electons
Orbital (Probability Map) - correct answer-A representation of the space occupied by an
electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron
-That describes a hydrogen electron in its lowest possible energy state
-The more intense the color of a given dot, the more likely it is that the electron will be found at
that point
Octet rule - correct answerEight electrons are required to fill these orbitals, so these elements
typically obey this rule; they are surrounded by eight electrons.
Ionic Bonding - correct answerThe attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent Bonding - correct answerA type of bonding in which atoms share electrons.
Hydrogen Bonding - correct answerUnusually strong dipole-dipole attract ions that occur
among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
Polar Covalent Bond - correct answer-A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared
equally because on atom attracts them more strongly than the other.
-Bonds that are not partly ionic
Nonpolar Covalen Bond - correct answerWith equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when
the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.
Polar (Hydrophilic) Substances - correct answer-trending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted
by water: a hydrophilic colloid.
-loves water
, Biological Concepts Proficiency Study Guide-NWACC
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) Substance - correct answer-prefer other neutral molecules and
nonpolar solvents
-these type of molecules in water often cluster together, forming micelles.
-water on this surface will exhibit a high contact angle (water dropplet on web or leaf)
-hates water
Anabolic Reaction - correct answer-refers to all of the metabolic reactions that build or
assemble more complex molecules from simple ones
-chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex
moleucles
-usually require energy
-build new molecules and/or store energy
-energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive ______ reactions
Catabolic Reaction - correct answer-usually release energy that is used to drive chemical
reactions
-chemical reactions that break down molecules, either to extract energy or to produce simple
molecules fo constructing others.
(Ion-) Exchange Reaction - correct answer-any of a class of chemical reactions between two
substances (each consisting of positively and negatively charged species called ions) that
involves an exchange of one or more ionic components. Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms,
that bear a positive or negative electric charge.
Energy - correct answerThe capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat.
-chemical reactions often involve changes in energy due to the breaking and formation of
bonds.
Endergonic Reactions (non-spoontaneous reaction or unfavorable reaction) - correct answer-is
a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is
absorbed.
Exergonic Reactions - correct answer-a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy
is negative )there is a net release of free energy), indicating a spontaneous reaction.
The factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions - correct answer-surface area of a solid
reactant
-concentration or pressure of a reactant
