NUR 210 Exam 4 Review
What is bacteriostatic? - ANSWER:inhibits bacterial growth
what is bactericidal? - ANSWER:kills bacteria
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? - ANSWER:- able to control a variety of organisms (gram - or +)
- used when you cannot identify what the organism causing the disease is
- targets many bacteria ("shotgun approach)
when are broad spectrum antibiotics used? - ANSWER:when you do not know what organism is causing
the problem
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? - ANSWER:- effective against few organisms (either Gram positive
OR Gram negative)
- used when you know which organism is causing the problems and which drug that it is sensitive to
- targets one organism ("bb gun approach)
When are narrow spectrum antibiotics used? - ANSWER:Whenever the bacteria causing the disease is
known
what does selective toxicity mean? - ANSWER:toxic to a specific cell (bacteria/microorganism) while
sparing other normal cells
is bacterial resistance innate or acquired? - ANSWER:both- can be either
what is meant by bacterial resistance? - ANSWER:ability of an organism to survive against an
antimicrobial or to render the antimicrobial ineffective
What is a super infection? - ANSWER:when an infection arises in addition to one that is already present;
an infection that occurs because of treatment for a primary infection
what is meant by prophylactic antibiotic use? - ANSWER:antibiotics that are used to PREVENT infection
what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection? what is often given with/after the
procedures to decrease the risk of infection? - ANSWER:1. orthopedic
2. cardiac
3. abdominal
prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve, having dental surgery? -
ANSWER:in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart and infect the
artificial valve
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to reduce the risk for
infection? - ANSWER:affects the bone marrow; prophylactic antibiotics
, what are the 5 stages of infection? - ANSWER:1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - ANSWER:nitrite; indicates bacteria in
the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - ANSWER:blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - ANSWER:within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - ANSWER:24-72 hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? - ANSWER:sometimes there
is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection so you can rule out an infection if you do a
urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - ANSWER:enzyme produced by WBCs; indicates
leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - ANSWER:greater than 5 cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - ANSWER:greater than 5 cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - ANSWER:hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? - ANSWER:increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? - ANSWER:bacterial
meningitis and severe sepsis
why can giving an antibiotic/antimicrobial before identifying the organism cause issues? - ANSWER:giving
antimicrobials before getting a culture might prevent organisms from growing in culture
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)? what does it not do? - ANSWER:lowest amount of
drug that inhibits bacterial growth; does not kill organism
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration? - ANSWER:Lowest concentration that decreases size of
bacterial colonies by 99.99%; basically lowest amount that kills that organism
What is anaphylaxis? - ANSWER:Severe allergic reaction
people with a penicillin allergy may also react to ______? - ANSWER:Cephalosporins
people with sulfa allergies cannot take _________? - ANSWER:Bactrim: trimehoprim/sulfamethoxazole
(sulfonamide)
What is bacteriostatic? - ANSWER:inhibits bacterial growth
what is bactericidal? - ANSWER:kills bacteria
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? - ANSWER:- able to control a variety of organisms (gram - or +)
- used when you cannot identify what the organism causing the disease is
- targets many bacteria ("shotgun approach)
when are broad spectrum antibiotics used? - ANSWER:when you do not know what organism is causing
the problem
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? - ANSWER:- effective against few organisms (either Gram positive
OR Gram negative)
- used when you know which organism is causing the problems and which drug that it is sensitive to
- targets one organism ("bb gun approach)
When are narrow spectrum antibiotics used? - ANSWER:Whenever the bacteria causing the disease is
known
what does selective toxicity mean? - ANSWER:toxic to a specific cell (bacteria/microorganism) while
sparing other normal cells
is bacterial resistance innate or acquired? - ANSWER:both- can be either
what is meant by bacterial resistance? - ANSWER:ability of an organism to survive against an
antimicrobial or to render the antimicrobial ineffective
What is a super infection? - ANSWER:when an infection arises in addition to one that is already present;
an infection that occurs because of treatment for a primary infection
what is meant by prophylactic antibiotic use? - ANSWER:antibiotics that are used to PREVENT infection
what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection? what is often given with/after the
procedures to decrease the risk of infection? - ANSWER:1. orthopedic
2. cardiac
3. abdominal
prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve, having dental surgery? -
ANSWER:in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart and infect the
artificial valve
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to reduce the risk for
infection? - ANSWER:affects the bone marrow; prophylactic antibiotics
, what are the 5 stages of infection? - ANSWER:1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - ANSWER:nitrite; indicates bacteria in
the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - ANSWER:blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - ANSWER:within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - ANSWER:24-72 hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? - ANSWER:sometimes there
is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection so you can rule out an infection if you do a
urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - ANSWER:enzyme produced by WBCs; indicates
leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - ANSWER:greater than 5 cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - ANSWER:greater than 5 cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - ANSWER:hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? - ANSWER:increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? - ANSWER:bacterial
meningitis and severe sepsis
why can giving an antibiotic/antimicrobial before identifying the organism cause issues? - ANSWER:giving
antimicrobials before getting a culture might prevent organisms from growing in culture
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)? what does it not do? - ANSWER:lowest amount of
drug that inhibits bacterial growth; does not kill organism
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration? - ANSWER:Lowest concentration that decreases size of
bacterial colonies by 99.99%; basically lowest amount that kills that organism
What is anaphylaxis? - ANSWER:Severe allergic reaction
people with a penicillin allergy may also react to ______? - ANSWER:Cephalosporins
people with sulfa allergies cannot take _________? - ANSWER:Bactrim: trimehoprim/sulfamethoxazole
(sulfonamide)
