NSBH 20450 Boyd Exam 3 Study Set
within a week of fertilization, the human embryo has three distinct _______, which are
_____, _____, and _____ - Answer germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
The nervous system develops out of the __________ germ layer - Answer ectoderm
Gastrulation - Answer The process by which a blastula develops into a gastrula with the
formation of three embryonic layers
Neurulation - Answer formation of the neural tube, which separates away from rest of
ectoderm (closes over top)
As germ layers thicken as the baby develops, they grow to form a groove that will
become teh ______ and then the ________ - Answer midline, neural groove
The tops of the neural groove come together to form the ______ - Answer neural tube
Three subdivisions of neural tube - Answer forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
parts of the forebrain - Answer thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system,
cerebral cortex
parts of the midbrain - Answer tectum and tegmentum
parts of the hindbrain - Answer medulla, pons, cerebellum
The interior of the neural tube becomes: (3 things) - Answer Ventricles, central canal of
spinal cord, and passages that connect them
stages of nervous system development - Answer 1. neurogenesis
2. cell migration
3. differentiation
4. synaptogenesis
5. neuronal cell death
6. synapse rearrangement
neurogenesis - Answer first stage of NS development
mitotic division of non-neurons to produce neurons
cell migration - Answer second stage of NS development
migration of cells away from neural tube to establish distinct nerve cell populations
Differentiation - Answer Third stage of NS development
,refining of cells into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells
Synaptogenesis - Answer Fourth stage of NS development
Establishment of synaptic connections
neuronal cell death - Answer Fifth stage of NS development
selective death of nerve cells
synaptic rearrangement (pruning) - Answer Sixth stage of NS development
Loss of some synapses and the development of others
Extends throughout lifespan
neural crest cells - Answer Cells at the tip of the neural fold (b/t neural tube and
ectoderm); this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous
system.
If neurons do not divide, how are new neurons created during development? - Answer
Neural precursor cells undergo mitosis, which can then differentiate into neurons
Where do NPCs undergo mitosis? - Answer Venticular zone inside neural tube
ependymal zone (ventricular zone) - Answer inside of the neural tube (lining of the
central canal) where NPC mitosis occurs
Daughter cells of NPC mitosis can be: - Answer Other NPCs, or neuroblasts (immature
neuron)
Each stage of NPC mitosis corresponds to __________ - Answer location of NPC in
ventricular zone - cells move up and down during phases, lower during later stages
When does gene expression begin in neurons? - Answer Once they reach their
destinations (after cell migration)
What type of neuron a differentiating nerve cell becomes depends on: (2 things) -
Answer 1) Location in the brain
2) What its neighbors are doing (cell-cell interaction)
stem cells - Answer undifferentiated cells that can take on the fate of any cell that a
donor organism can produce
At birth, mammals have produced ____ of the neurons they will ever have - Answer Most
(neurogenesis can still occur in hippocampus)
Where can neurogenesis occur? - Answer Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
Increase in post-natal brain weight is due to: (5 things) - Answer Growth of size of
, neurons, branching of dendrites, elaboration of synapses, increase in myelin, addition
of glial cells
How to determine lineage of neurons? - Answer Use GFP which is passed down to
daughter cells
How to determine birthdate/age of neuron? - Answer Cells actively duplicating (in S
phase) will insert radio-labeled 3H Thymadine or BrDU into DNA, which allows you to
see where cells are being born
How to tell cell type of differentiated neurons? - Answer Use flurorescent marker that
only illuminates when it finds neuron/glia
Apoptosis - Answer programmed cell death
"surplus" cells die
neurotrophic factors - Answer Proteins responsible for growth and survival of neurons
during development and maintaining adult neurons
- "Feed" neurons to help them survive
Neurites - Answer Sample environment, chemicals tell cells where to send projections,
where to form synpases, and what types of cells to become
- Axones and dendrites
growth cone - Answer A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. It is the
site where new material is added to the axon.
- grow out in every direction to try to form synapses
Apoptosis is regulated by ________ - Answer death genes
Neurons compete for - Answer 1. Chemicals that target cells make (neurotrophic
factors)
-Oxygen
2. Synaptic connections
Neurons with most connections, more support when things go south
-Without enough of both, they die
Need chemicals from environment, and need connections.
Cells exposed to ______ will die - Answer Less neurotrophin
When does synaptic remodeling take place? - Answer After period of cell death
- Ex: surviving motor neurons retract away axon collaterals until each motor fiber is
within a week of fertilization, the human embryo has three distinct _______, which are
_____, _____, and _____ - Answer germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
The nervous system develops out of the __________ germ layer - Answer ectoderm
Gastrulation - Answer The process by which a blastula develops into a gastrula with the
formation of three embryonic layers
Neurulation - Answer formation of the neural tube, which separates away from rest of
ectoderm (closes over top)
As germ layers thicken as the baby develops, they grow to form a groove that will
become teh ______ and then the ________ - Answer midline, neural groove
The tops of the neural groove come together to form the ______ - Answer neural tube
Three subdivisions of neural tube - Answer forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
parts of the forebrain - Answer thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system,
cerebral cortex
parts of the midbrain - Answer tectum and tegmentum
parts of the hindbrain - Answer medulla, pons, cerebellum
The interior of the neural tube becomes: (3 things) - Answer Ventricles, central canal of
spinal cord, and passages that connect them
stages of nervous system development - Answer 1. neurogenesis
2. cell migration
3. differentiation
4. synaptogenesis
5. neuronal cell death
6. synapse rearrangement
neurogenesis - Answer first stage of NS development
mitotic division of non-neurons to produce neurons
cell migration - Answer second stage of NS development
migration of cells away from neural tube to establish distinct nerve cell populations
Differentiation - Answer Third stage of NS development
,refining of cells into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells
Synaptogenesis - Answer Fourth stage of NS development
Establishment of synaptic connections
neuronal cell death - Answer Fifth stage of NS development
selective death of nerve cells
synaptic rearrangement (pruning) - Answer Sixth stage of NS development
Loss of some synapses and the development of others
Extends throughout lifespan
neural crest cells - Answer Cells at the tip of the neural fold (b/t neural tube and
ectoderm); this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous
system.
If neurons do not divide, how are new neurons created during development? - Answer
Neural precursor cells undergo mitosis, which can then differentiate into neurons
Where do NPCs undergo mitosis? - Answer Venticular zone inside neural tube
ependymal zone (ventricular zone) - Answer inside of the neural tube (lining of the
central canal) where NPC mitosis occurs
Daughter cells of NPC mitosis can be: - Answer Other NPCs, or neuroblasts (immature
neuron)
Each stage of NPC mitosis corresponds to __________ - Answer location of NPC in
ventricular zone - cells move up and down during phases, lower during later stages
When does gene expression begin in neurons? - Answer Once they reach their
destinations (after cell migration)
What type of neuron a differentiating nerve cell becomes depends on: (2 things) -
Answer 1) Location in the brain
2) What its neighbors are doing (cell-cell interaction)
stem cells - Answer undifferentiated cells that can take on the fate of any cell that a
donor organism can produce
At birth, mammals have produced ____ of the neurons they will ever have - Answer Most
(neurogenesis can still occur in hippocampus)
Where can neurogenesis occur? - Answer Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
Increase in post-natal brain weight is due to: (5 things) - Answer Growth of size of
, neurons, branching of dendrites, elaboration of synapses, increase in myelin, addition
of glial cells
How to determine lineage of neurons? - Answer Use GFP which is passed down to
daughter cells
How to determine birthdate/age of neuron? - Answer Cells actively duplicating (in S
phase) will insert radio-labeled 3H Thymadine or BrDU into DNA, which allows you to
see where cells are being born
How to tell cell type of differentiated neurons? - Answer Use flurorescent marker that
only illuminates when it finds neuron/glia
Apoptosis - Answer programmed cell death
"surplus" cells die
neurotrophic factors - Answer Proteins responsible for growth and survival of neurons
during development and maintaining adult neurons
- "Feed" neurons to help them survive
Neurites - Answer Sample environment, chemicals tell cells where to send projections,
where to form synpases, and what types of cells to become
- Axones and dendrites
growth cone - Answer A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. It is the
site where new material is added to the axon.
- grow out in every direction to try to form synapses
Apoptosis is regulated by ________ - Answer death genes
Neurons compete for - Answer 1. Chemicals that target cells make (neurotrophic
factors)
-Oxygen
2. Synaptic connections
Neurons with most connections, more support when things go south
-Without enough of both, they die
Need chemicals from environment, and need connections.
Cells exposed to ______ will die - Answer Less neurotrophin
When does synaptic remodeling take place? - Answer After period of cell death
- Ex: surviving motor neurons retract away axon collaterals until each motor fiber is
