PSYC 3850 Exam 2 | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

PSYC 3850 Exam 2 | Questions with 100% Correct Answers Help me to understand confirmation bias. a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions During an extremely stressful situation, how is encoding affected? it is often encoded incompletely or inaccurately Discussing what a witness saw to their friends, family, or others potentially can taint their memory by introducing what? new and not always accurate details into their memory (happens in post-event information) What happens in unconscious transference? Unconscious transference is when past interactions with someone are confused for interactions with a criminal. For example, a clerk at a convenience store who is the victim of a robbery might identify an innocent shopper who frequents the store instead of the criminal in a line up According to the in-group/out-group differences hypothesis, when we encounter someone from the same race or ethnic group as ourselves, we immediately devote our attention to distinguishing that person from other members of the in-group. This is an explanation of why we tend to be what? This is an explanation of why people tend to be better at identifying members of their own race. The chances of a mistaken identification have been estimated to be 1.56 times greater when the witness and suspect are of different races than when they are of the same race other-race effect Is this statement true or false: Women tend to be superior with regard to making more accurate eyewitness identifications compared to men. false- women tend to more accurately recognize other females rather than men faces, but men recognize both female and male faces equally. What age groups are more likely to make mistakes in a lineup where the perpetrator is not present? young children and older eyewitnesses What did State v. Henderson decide? there will be a new set of rules (more than a dozen factors) for cases involving eyewitness identifications. some of these beings things like presence of a weapon, other-race identification, length of retention, and behavior of the police Fillers in a lineup should have what types of physical characteristics? Characteristics that are similar to the others in the lineup to prevent relative judgement of identification by choosing someone who looks the most like the perpetrator What happens in a relative judgement? an eye witness's process of deciding, when looking at a simultaneous lineup, which of the people shown in the lineup most closely resembles of the perpetrator Research tends to show that the relationship between the accuracy of an eyewitness' testimony and the eyewitness' confidence or certainty tends to be what? fairly low correlation. Why is asking the witness to provide a statement of certainty before the lineup administrator provides any feedback important? That is, what is it used for? It helps eliminate false confidence Which of the following was found by Brewer and Burke (2002) to have a strong impact on jurors' verdict decisions? the witness's level of confidence Loftus (1974) gave subjects a description of an armed robbery. Eighteen percent presented with only circumstantial evidence convicted the defendant. When an eyewitness' identification was provided in addition to the circumstantial evidence, what percentage convicted the defendant? 72% convicted Six-year-old Corey is a witness to a crime, and he has been asked to view a lineup. Unfortunately, the true perpetrator is not in the lineup. Researchers would predict that Corey, as compared to adults, is likely to make what type of error? more likely to give a false positive Loftus and Pickrell (1995) constructed a false story about being lost while shopping at the age of five. They had subjects read this story, and write about what they remembered about the event. What approximate percentage of subjects remembered this event that never happened? 25% What would be an example of dispositional attribution? explanations for others' behavior that focus on ability, personality, or even temporary states (fatigue or luck) to help understand the behavior Help me to understand cyberstalking. using the Internet, email, or other types of electronic communications to stalk, harass, or threaten another person In one study, what percent of students reported that they had been harassed in the past due to their race, appearance, disability, religion, or sexual orientation? 65% Give me some of the aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. an anxiety disorder in which victim experiences pattern of intense fear reactions after being exposed to a highly stressful event. Although batterers come from all walks of life, batterers are more likely to display what problems (always refer to your book and not to what you believe to be true)? Two really big ones are poor problem solving skills and poor verbal skills Batterers are more likely to be unemployed, less well educated, members or minority groups, or lower socioeconomic status. They tend to come from families where they either observed abusive relationships or were abused as children. Teenagers who later become batterers have a higher rate of conduct problems & are more likely to have engaged in substance abuse. Batterers also tend to have poor self-concepts, not good problem solvers, limited verbal skills, are prone to extreme jealously, and have a fear of being abandoned What generally happens in the contrite phase in the cycle of violence? In the contrite phase batterers apologize for their attack, promise that they will never do it again, and persuade the woman that they will or that they have changed. Karen has been repeatedly beaten by her husband Jack. She used to think about leaving him, but now believes that there is nothing she can do to escape. She no longer sees her friends because it has become harder to hide her bruises. On this particular night Karen made her husband dinner but she was a little late getting it on the table, and she sensed his foul mood. When Jack looked at her in that particular way, she knew he was about to hurt her. Using what you know about the battered women syndrome, you could say that Karen is experiencing what battered women syndrome Is this statement true or false: Women who have been raped are much more tolerant of rape in general. True Victims are more likely to report rapes committed by whom? Strangers True or false: a person who commits a date rape will usually use a gun or a knife. False Perhaps the group who is at the highest rate for being victimized is what age group? children an adolescents, women ages 18-24 What is considered to be secondary victimization in a rape? If a rape survivor has a negative experience with authorities post-rape (generally considered to have happened when rape kits (pelvic exams/vaginal swabs) are taken Primary is the rape itself What percent of rapes result in a conviction/prison sentence? only about half Is this statement true or false: Women who resisted a rape attack were 10% more likely to be raped compared to those who did not resist. false, those who did NOT fight were twice as likely to suffer a completely rape Help me to understand the concept of quid pro quo. an implicit or explicit bargain in which the harasser promises a reward or threatens punishment in exchange for a specific response (often sexual nature) from a workplace supervisee Sexual harassment which creates a hostile work environment violates what Title of the Civil Rights Act. title VII What happened in Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.? unanimous decision from courts- in favor of Harris not necessary for plaintiffs to prove they suffered psychological injuries to be sexual harassment and later listed several criteria to decide what constitutes sexual harassment (frequency, severity, physically threatening or humiliating, unreasonably interfere with employees work environment) When is criminal profiling used? as a final product, crime scene, to gain leads about the individuals Which department of the US government has been involved with research and information regarding criminal profiling? FBI's behavioral science unit (BSU) What is a mass murderer? person who kills four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere from a few minutes to several hours In approximately what percentage of studied mass murders was the assailant related to or well-acquainted with the victims? 80%