Intro to Earth Science Exam 1-Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Metamorphic layers - ANSWER-layers result of alignment of minerals under directional pressure
sedimentary layers - ANSWER-layers result of deposition of different types and sizes of particles in a
water body
igneous layers - ANSWER-layers result of magma flowing into a crack in other rock
Earth's deep subsurface (rock cycle) - ANSWER-1. high temp, high pressure (high grade)
metamorphism
2. magma cooling and undergoing crystallization to form intrusive igneous rocks
which of following rock types if most abundant on earth's surface - ANSWER-sedimentary rocks
phrase that is most consistent with law of unifromatarianism - ANSWER-"present is key to the past"
principal used in making glass - ANSWER-quartz
which is a mineral-
granite
quartz
amber
pearl
petroleum - ANSWER-quartz
why is sugar not a mineral - ANSWER-it is an organic compound
external expression of a mineral's orderly internal arrangement of atoms is referred to as: -
ANSWER-crystal form
proverty of cleavage reflects - ANSWER-mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within
mineral
Rhombohedral cleabage and reacts with acid - ANSWER-calcite
intrusive igneous rock - ANSWER-granite
diorite
extrusive igneous rock - ANSWER-rhyolite
porphyritic igenous rock - ANSWER-andesite porphyry
as a result of partial melting, magma originates in - ANSWER-mantle and crust
when magma erupts at earth's surface what kind of rock produced - ANSWER-extrusive
pyroclastic debris from volcano can include - ANSWER-ash and cinders
,why does magma have a tendency to rise after formation - ANSWER-it is less dense than
sorrounding rock
glassy magma - ANSWER-cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains
phaneritic - ANSWER-mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without
microscope
porphyritic - ANSWER-rock has two or more distinctly different sized populations of mineral crystals
aphanitic - ANSWER-magnifying glass is needed to see individual crystals
why are lava flows typically finer grained that intrusive igneous rocks - ANSWER-extrusive magma
cools quickly so mineral grains do not have time to grow
what lies underneath volcanic features at earths surface - ANSWER-magma chambers and volcanic
conduits
difference between sill and sike - ANSWER-dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, sill intrudes
between sedimentary layers
volcano conduit after the conduit has been solidied and been exposed by erosion - ANSWER-
volcanic neck
why are volcanic rocks at earth's surface as hills, ridges and mountains sorrounded by areas of
lower elevation - ANSWER-volcanic rocks more resistant to erosion that sorrounding rock
magma chamber called after conduit has solidied and been exposed - ANSWER-batholith
basaltic composition - ANSWER-90% of lava, fast lava flow, grows in sheets
andesitic composition - ANSWER-intermediate lava flow
ryholitic composition - ANSWER-silica rich lava, slow lava flow, 1 % of lava
aa flow - ANSWER-lava landform with rough, broken surface caused by rapidly moving basalt that
cools quickly
pahoehoe flow - ANSWER-lava landform with smooth, billowy surface caused by slowly moving
basalt that are still hot
lava tube - ANSWER-lava landform which results from fluid lava cooling and forming outer shell
through which the flow continues to flow
block lava - ANSWER-lava landformw ith rough surface of smooth-sided fragments by viscous lava
cooling quickly
pillow lava - ANSWER-lava landform of solid, bubble-like masses caused by lava quenching
extremely quickly
composite volcano - ANSWER-steep due to eruption of mixture of volcanic material, containing less
fluid materials that travel shorter distances
andesitic lava
,steep summit and broad flanks, pyroclastic material
shield volcano - ANSWER-wide volcano that is very long, produces many basaltic lava flows,
caldera, long lava flows and lava tubes
cinder cone - ANSWER-very steep sided volcano, built from ejected lava fragments, crater at peak,
reddish-brown lapilli
rhyolitic lava
all modifications of earth's outer surface is initiated by which process - ANSWER-weathering
predominant source of energy for external processes - ANSWER-sun
why does earth has rapid weathering rates - ANSWER-has running water on surface
once weathering begins, which factor most influential in moving particles - ANSWER-gravity
why does water frozen in cracks of rock help break down the rock - ANSWER-water expands when
frozen and physically forces rock apart
salt weathering - ANSWER-formation of minerals in rock cracks during evaporation of salty water,
forcing rock apart
what do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common - ANSWER-require rain and force rocks
apart physically
how does mechanical weathing influence rate of chemical weathering - ANSWER-mechanical
weathering increases surface area exposed to chemical weathering
slate and weathering - ANSWER-clay minerals in slate make it resistant to weathering
mechanical weathering predominant - ANSWER-cold, dry environment experiencing uplift
cold, wet environment at high elevation
chemical weathering would predominate - ANSWER-hot environemnt with short but intense
rainstorms
warm, wet enviro with above yearly rainfall
hot, humid climate
slowest chemical weathering in order - ANSWER-1. granite with very few or no crakcs
2. granite with abundant cracks
3. basalt with very few to no cracks
4. basalt with abundant vesicles (holes)
chemical weathering effects on minerals - ANSWER-felspar-->clay
quartz-->no chemical change
olivine-->limonite
chemical weathering - ANSWER-alters internal structure of rock minerals, influenced by carbon
dioxide
, carbonic acid weathers... - ANSWER-potassium feldspar
iron weathers from... - ANSWER-oxidation
formation of sedimentary rock requires - ANSWER-weathering and erosion of pre existing rocks
sedimentary rocks taht exhibit intergrowth of crystal masses are generally formed from - ANSWER-
chemical weathering
2 common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks - ANSWER-clay minerals and quartz
most abundant chemical sedimenatry rock in earths crust - ANSWER-limestone
main criteria for classifying detrital sedimentary rocks - ANSWER-particle size
mineral that makes up coal - ANSWER-carbon
most efficient agent of metamorphism - ANSWER-heat
contact metamorphism - ANSWER-rocks come in contact with magma body
what increases with depth in earth - ANSWER-pressure
degree of metamorphism in rock is characterized by - ANSWER-texture
application of low grade metamorphic forces to a rock causes - ANSWER-increase in rock density
how are metamorphic rocks formed - ANSWER-preeexisting rock is altered through heat and
pressure, sometimes look like rocks they formed from
foliation - ANSWER-banding in metamorphic rocks that results from reorientation of minerals
granite that has undergone metamorphism and exhibits foliation is... - ANSWER-gneiss
eras in order - ANSWER-paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic (based on types of fossils)
current ages of geologic time scale
"visibe life" eon - ANSWER-Phanerozoic -widespread occurence of hard parts
shortest interval of geologic time - ANSWER-epoch
superposition - ANSWER-in a sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than
one above
nonconformity - ANSWER-erosional surface bounded above by flat-lying sedimentary rocks and
below by igneous and metamorphic
original horizontality - ANSWER-sedimentary rocks always deposited in horizontal position
relate age and abolsute dating - ANSWER-places rocks and events in chronological order but does
not provide info about absolute age
and Answers Graded A+
Metamorphic layers - ANSWER-layers result of alignment of minerals under directional pressure
sedimentary layers - ANSWER-layers result of deposition of different types and sizes of particles in a
water body
igneous layers - ANSWER-layers result of magma flowing into a crack in other rock
Earth's deep subsurface (rock cycle) - ANSWER-1. high temp, high pressure (high grade)
metamorphism
2. magma cooling and undergoing crystallization to form intrusive igneous rocks
which of following rock types if most abundant on earth's surface - ANSWER-sedimentary rocks
phrase that is most consistent with law of unifromatarianism - ANSWER-"present is key to the past"
principal used in making glass - ANSWER-quartz
which is a mineral-
granite
quartz
amber
pearl
petroleum - ANSWER-quartz
why is sugar not a mineral - ANSWER-it is an organic compound
external expression of a mineral's orderly internal arrangement of atoms is referred to as: -
ANSWER-crystal form
proverty of cleavage reflects - ANSWER-mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within
mineral
Rhombohedral cleabage and reacts with acid - ANSWER-calcite
intrusive igneous rock - ANSWER-granite
diorite
extrusive igneous rock - ANSWER-rhyolite
porphyritic igenous rock - ANSWER-andesite porphyry
as a result of partial melting, magma originates in - ANSWER-mantle and crust
when magma erupts at earth's surface what kind of rock produced - ANSWER-extrusive
pyroclastic debris from volcano can include - ANSWER-ash and cinders
,why does magma have a tendency to rise after formation - ANSWER-it is less dense than
sorrounding rock
glassy magma - ANSWER-cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains
phaneritic - ANSWER-mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without
microscope
porphyritic - ANSWER-rock has two or more distinctly different sized populations of mineral crystals
aphanitic - ANSWER-magnifying glass is needed to see individual crystals
why are lava flows typically finer grained that intrusive igneous rocks - ANSWER-extrusive magma
cools quickly so mineral grains do not have time to grow
what lies underneath volcanic features at earths surface - ANSWER-magma chambers and volcanic
conduits
difference between sill and sike - ANSWER-dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, sill intrudes
between sedimentary layers
volcano conduit after the conduit has been solidied and been exposed by erosion - ANSWER-
volcanic neck
why are volcanic rocks at earth's surface as hills, ridges and mountains sorrounded by areas of
lower elevation - ANSWER-volcanic rocks more resistant to erosion that sorrounding rock
magma chamber called after conduit has solidied and been exposed - ANSWER-batholith
basaltic composition - ANSWER-90% of lava, fast lava flow, grows in sheets
andesitic composition - ANSWER-intermediate lava flow
ryholitic composition - ANSWER-silica rich lava, slow lava flow, 1 % of lava
aa flow - ANSWER-lava landform with rough, broken surface caused by rapidly moving basalt that
cools quickly
pahoehoe flow - ANSWER-lava landform with smooth, billowy surface caused by slowly moving
basalt that are still hot
lava tube - ANSWER-lava landform which results from fluid lava cooling and forming outer shell
through which the flow continues to flow
block lava - ANSWER-lava landformw ith rough surface of smooth-sided fragments by viscous lava
cooling quickly
pillow lava - ANSWER-lava landform of solid, bubble-like masses caused by lava quenching
extremely quickly
composite volcano - ANSWER-steep due to eruption of mixture of volcanic material, containing less
fluid materials that travel shorter distances
andesitic lava
,steep summit and broad flanks, pyroclastic material
shield volcano - ANSWER-wide volcano that is very long, produces many basaltic lava flows,
caldera, long lava flows and lava tubes
cinder cone - ANSWER-very steep sided volcano, built from ejected lava fragments, crater at peak,
reddish-brown lapilli
rhyolitic lava
all modifications of earth's outer surface is initiated by which process - ANSWER-weathering
predominant source of energy for external processes - ANSWER-sun
why does earth has rapid weathering rates - ANSWER-has running water on surface
once weathering begins, which factor most influential in moving particles - ANSWER-gravity
why does water frozen in cracks of rock help break down the rock - ANSWER-water expands when
frozen and physically forces rock apart
salt weathering - ANSWER-formation of minerals in rock cracks during evaporation of salty water,
forcing rock apart
what do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common - ANSWER-require rain and force rocks
apart physically
how does mechanical weathing influence rate of chemical weathering - ANSWER-mechanical
weathering increases surface area exposed to chemical weathering
slate and weathering - ANSWER-clay minerals in slate make it resistant to weathering
mechanical weathering predominant - ANSWER-cold, dry environment experiencing uplift
cold, wet environment at high elevation
chemical weathering would predominate - ANSWER-hot environemnt with short but intense
rainstorms
warm, wet enviro with above yearly rainfall
hot, humid climate
slowest chemical weathering in order - ANSWER-1. granite with very few or no crakcs
2. granite with abundant cracks
3. basalt with very few to no cracks
4. basalt with abundant vesicles (holes)
chemical weathering effects on minerals - ANSWER-felspar-->clay
quartz-->no chemical change
olivine-->limonite
chemical weathering - ANSWER-alters internal structure of rock minerals, influenced by carbon
dioxide
, carbonic acid weathers... - ANSWER-potassium feldspar
iron weathers from... - ANSWER-oxidation
formation of sedimentary rock requires - ANSWER-weathering and erosion of pre existing rocks
sedimentary rocks taht exhibit intergrowth of crystal masses are generally formed from - ANSWER-
chemical weathering
2 common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks - ANSWER-clay minerals and quartz
most abundant chemical sedimenatry rock in earths crust - ANSWER-limestone
main criteria for classifying detrital sedimentary rocks - ANSWER-particle size
mineral that makes up coal - ANSWER-carbon
most efficient agent of metamorphism - ANSWER-heat
contact metamorphism - ANSWER-rocks come in contact with magma body
what increases with depth in earth - ANSWER-pressure
degree of metamorphism in rock is characterized by - ANSWER-texture
application of low grade metamorphic forces to a rock causes - ANSWER-increase in rock density
how are metamorphic rocks formed - ANSWER-preeexisting rock is altered through heat and
pressure, sometimes look like rocks they formed from
foliation - ANSWER-banding in metamorphic rocks that results from reorientation of minerals
granite that has undergone metamorphism and exhibits foliation is... - ANSWER-gneiss
eras in order - ANSWER-paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic (based on types of fossils)
current ages of geologic time scale
"visibe life" eon - ANSWER-Phanerozoic -widespread occurence of hard parts
shortest interval of geologic time - ANSWER-epoch
superposition - ANSWER-in a sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than
one above
nonconformity - ANSWER-erosional surface bounded above by flat-lying sedimentary rocks and
below by igneous and metamorphic
original horizontality - ANSWER-sedimentary rocks always deposited in horizontal position
relate age and abolsute dating - ANSWER-places rocks and events in chronological order but does
not provide info about absolute age
