BIO 346: Human Biology - Exam 1 || A+ GRADED
SOLUTIONS
locus correct answers any piece of DNA
allele correct answers one or more alternative form of a gene
dominance correct answers an allele masks the variation another allele produces
linkage correct answers genes controlling two traits are located next to each other on a
chromosome and they tend to me inherited with each other
transcription correct answers making a copy of DNA to RNA
translation correct answers turning RNA to a protein
Why do cells in the body looks so different when they have the same DNA? correct answers
differences in gene expression
Regulation of gene expression correct answers specificity factors, repressors binding to
operons, activators, enhancers, promoters, methylation, silencers
RNA polymerase correct answers enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA
enhancer correct answers a short DNA sequence to which transcription factors (activators or
repressors) bind; facilitates the assembly of transcription complexes and increases the rate of
transcription
promoter correct answers a short DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds; controls
where transcription begins
activator correct answers increases transcription of a gene or a set of genes
repressor correct answers a DNA or RNA-binding protein that inhibits expression of genes by
binding to operators
operator correct answers a segment of DNA to which transcription factors bind to regulate
gene expression
chromatin correct answers mass of genetic material composed of DNA and protein that
congregate to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
Human Genome Project correct answers - began by James Watson in 1991 to determine the
sequence of every nucleotide pair by 2005
- government-led study = Francis Collins
- Celera = Craig Venter ("shotgun sequencing")
- completed sequencing in 2003
, human genetic diversity correct answers - thought 98% of our genome was similar to
chimpanzees due to 1.8% difference in melting point studies
- difference is closer to 1.2%
personalized genomics correct answers - in theory: complete sequencing of an individual's
genome
- in practice: examining hundreds of thousands of SNPs in the genome
- these variants can be associated with different traits, geographic ancestry, or risks of disease
- could allow medical treatments to be tailor-made for specific genotypes
- reality: variation in individual genes does not tell much for most traits
ApoE gene correct answers - codes for apolipoprotein E, which carries cholesterol in nervous
system
- three alleles: differences in ability to carry cholesterol seem to be associated with the
probability of forming dense plaques --> decline in memory and cognition (Alzheimer's)
heritability correct answers the proportion of phenotypic variation (Vp) that is due to
genotypic variation (Vg)
1866 correct answers Mendel publishes experiments on the particulate nature of inheritance
1886 correct answers Galton invented the statistical technique of regression to explain
similarity of parents and offspring
1918 correct answers Fisher introduces "quantitative traits" to which multiple loci contribute
little but additive effects
1953 correct answers DNA structure determined by Watson, Crick, and Franklin
2003 correct answers human genome completed
2007 correct answers first segment of DNA identified that contributes to common variation in
height, HMGA2
Quantifying variation correct answers - standard deviation: average difference between
measures and the population mean
- variance: average squared difference between measures and population mean
Phenotypic variation correct answers Vp = Vg + Ve
- Vg is variation due to genotype
- Ve is variation due to environment
Genotypic variation correct answers Vg = Va + Vd + Vei
- Va = additive variance
- Vd = variance due to dominance
- Vei = variance due to epistasis
broad-sense heritability correct answers H² = Vg/Vp
narrow-sense heritability correct answers h² = Va/Vp
SOLUTIONS
locus correct answers any piece of DNA
allele correct answers one or more alternative form of a gene
dominance correct answers an allele masks the variation another allele produces
linkage correct answers genes controlling two traits are located next to each other on a
chromosome and they tend to me inherited with each other
transcription correct answers making a copy of DNA to RNA
translation correct answers turning RNA to a protein
Why do cells in the body looks so different when they have the same DNA? correct answers
differences in gene expression
Regulation of gene expression correct answers specificity factors, repressors binding to
operons, activators, enhancers, promoters, methylation, silencers
RNA polymerase correct answers enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA
enhancer correct answers a short DNA sequence to which transcription factors (activators or
repressors) bind; facilitates the assembly of transcription complexes and increases the rate of
transcription
promoter correct answers a short DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds; controls
where transcription begins
activator correct answers increases transcription of a gene or a set of genes
repressor correct answers a DNA or RNA-binding protein that inhibits expression of genes by
binding to operators
operator correct answers a segment of DNA to which transcription factors bind to regulate
gene expression
chromatin correct answers mass of genetic material composed of DNA and protein that
congregate to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
Human Genome Project correct answers - began by James Watson in 1991 to determine the
sequence of every nucleotide pair by 2005
- government-led study = Francis Collins
- Celera = Craig Venter ("shotgun sequencing")
- completed sequencing in 2003
, human genetic diversity correct answers - thought 98% of our genome was similar to
chimpanzees due to 1.8% difference in melting point studies
- difference is closer to 1.2%
personalized genomics correct answers - in theory: complete sequencing of an individual's
genome
- in practice: examining hundreds of thousands of SNPs in the genome
- these variants can be associated with different traits, geographic ancestry, or risks of disease
- could allow medical treatments to be tailor-made for specific genotypes
- reality: variation in individual genes does not tell much for most traits
ApoE gene correct answers - codes for apolipoprotein E, which carries cholesterol in nervous
system
- three alleles: differences in ability to carry cholesterol seem to be associated with the
probability of forming dense plaques --> decline in memory and cognition (Alzheimer's)
heritability correct answers the proportion of phenotypic variation (Vp) that is due to
genotypic variation (Vg)
1866 correct answers Mendel publishes experiments on the particulate nature of inheritance
1886 correct answers Galton invented the statistical technique of regression to explain
similarity of parents and offspring
1918 correct answers Fisher introduces "quantitative traits" to which multiple loci contribute
little but additive effects
1953 correct answers DNA structure determined by Watson, Crick, and Franklin
2003 correct answers human genome completed
2007 correct answers first segment of DNA identified that contributes to common variation in
height, HMGA2
Quantifying variation correct answers - standard deviation: average difference between
measures and the population mean
- variance: average squared difference between measures and population mean
Phenotypic variation correct answers Vp = Vg + Ve
- Vg is variation due to genotype
- Ve is variation due to environment
Genotypic variation correct answers Vg = Va + Vd + Vei
- Va = additive variance
- Vd = variance due to dominance
- Vei = variance due to epistasis
broad-sense heritability correct answers H² = Vg/Vp
narrow-sense heritability correct answers h² = Va/Vp
