NCE Research Correct answers
Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER Not the same as causality - simply an association.
The _______ between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but
opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
True - CORRECT ANSWER Correlations go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero
means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A
negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5. In fact, correlation of -.8 is stronger
than a correlation of .5
Positive correlation - CORRECT ANSWER When X goes up, Y goes up. For example,
when you study more, your GPA goes up.
Negative correlation - CORRECT ANSWER When X goes up Y goes down. For
example, the more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Research - CORRECT ANSWER is quantitative when one quantifies or measures
things
Quantitative research - CORRECT ANSWER yields numbers
Qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER when research does not use numerical
data
Bubbles - CORRECT ANSWER Flaws in research
True experiment - CORRECT ANSWER two or more groups are used
Random sampling, random assignment - CORRECT ANSWER In a true experiment,
the people are picked via _______ and placed in groups using _________.
Systematic sampling - CORRECT ANSWER Where every nth person is chosen can
also be used, however, researchers still prefer random sampling and random
assignment.
Quasi-experimental research - CORRECT ANSWER When the groups are not picked at
random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is quasi rather than a true
experiment. This type of research does not ensure causality.
Independent variable (IV) - CORRECT ANSWER The experimental groups get the
__________ also known as the experimental variable.
The control group - CORRECT ANSWER Does not receive the IV
DV (Dependent variable) - CORRECT ANSWER The outcome data in the study. If we
want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ
scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Null hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Each experiment has a __________: there is no
significant difference in people's IQs who eat carrots and those who don't eat carrots
(from example)
The experimental or alternative hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER there is a significant
difference between people's IQ's who do eat carrots vs. those who do not.
Type I alpha error - CORRECT ANSWER when a research rejects a null hypothesis to
be true (when it's correct). In short, you make an error.
Type II beta error - CORRECT ANSWER when a research accepts null when it should
have been rejected
, .05 or less (.01 or .001) - CORRECT ANSWER The significance level for the social
sciences is usually set at _________. The significance level gives you the probability of
a type I error.
N = 1 - CORRECT ANSWER is known as a single subject design or case study and
thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, etc. Case studies are becoming more
popular.
Demand characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER are evident when subjects in a study
have cues regarding what the researcher desires or does not desire that influence their
behavior. This can confound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
Obtrusive or a reactive measure - CORRECT ANSWER If subjects know they are being
observed we refer to the process as ___________. Observers' presence can influence
subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure - CORRECT ANSWER when subjects are not aware that they are
being measured we say it is __________
Internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER is high when an experimental has few flaws and
thus the findings are accurate. In other words, the IV caused the changes in the DV, not
some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When the
________ is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity - CORRECT ANSWER is high when the results in a study can be
generalized to other settings.
t test - CORRECT ANSWER a popular parametric test for comparing two means; used
to determine whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different from
each other.
ANOVA or analysis of variance (also called a one-way ANOVA) - CORRECT ANSWER
is used when you have two or more means to compare. The t test and the _________
are parametric measures for normally distributed populations. The _____ provides F
values. There are 3 basic kinds of ANOVA: one-way, factorial, and multivariate. Since
you now have 3 groups the t-test is no longer appropriate. You would use the one-way
analysis of variance when you have only one variable at three or more levels.
F test - CORRECT ANSWER will tell you if significant differences are present
True - CORRECT ANSWER Use the MANOVA or multivariate analysis of variance
when you are investigating more than one DV. Use the factorial analysis of variance
when you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (i.e., if you have two
IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA, three IVs, a three-way ANOVA, etc.)
Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallace - CORRECT ANSWER If the population is not necessarily
normal then a nonparametric test such as a _________ (the most common
nonparametric test) or _________ (similar to the ANOVA) can be used.
ex post facto, causal-comparative design - CORRECT ANSWER If the researcher did
not manipulate the variable and you are looking at after-the-fact data, then the research
is not a true experiment but rather an ______ or so-called ________.
Descriptive statistics - CORRECT ANSWER are statistics that describe central
tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the variance, and the
standard deviation
Statistical analyses - CORRECT ANSWER include correlation coefficients, t tests,
ANOVAs, Analysis of Covariance, Chi square, Kruskal Wallis etc.
Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER Not the same as causality - simply an association.
The _______ between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but
opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
True - CORRECT ANSWER Correlations go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero
means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A
negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5. In fact, correlation of -.8 is stronger
than a correlation of .5
Positive correlation - CORRECT ANSWER When X goes up, Y goes up. For example,
when you study more, your GPA goes up.
Negative correlation - CORRECT ANSWER When X goes up Y goes down. For
example, the more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Research - CORRECT ANSWER is quantitative when one quantifies or measures
things
Quantitative research - CORRECT ANSWER yields numbers
Qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER when research does not use numerical
data
Bubbles - CORRECT ANSWER Flaws in research
True experiment - CORRECT ANSWER two or more groups are used
Random sampling, random assignment - CORRECT ANSWER In a true experiment,
the people are picked via _______ and placed in groups using _________.
Systematic sampling - CORRECT ANSWER Where every nth person is chosen can
also be used, however, researchers still prefer random sampling and random
assignment.
Quasi-experimental research - CORRECT ANSWER When the groups are not picked at
random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is quasi rather than a true
experiment. This type of research does not ensure causality.
Independent variable (IV) - CORRECT ANSWER The experimental groups get the
__________ also known as the experimental variable.
The control group - CORRECT ANSWER Does not receive the IV
DV (Dependent variable) - CORRECT ANSWER The outcome data in the study. If we
want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ
scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Null hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Each experiment has a __________: there is no
significant difference in people's IQs who eat carrots and those who don't eat carrots
(from example)
The experimental or alternative hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER there is a significant
difference between people's IQ's who do eat carrots vs. those who do not.
Type I alpha error - CORRECT ANSWER when a research rejects a null hypothesis to
be true (when it's correct). In short, you make an error.
Type II beta error - CORRECT ANSWER when a research accepts null when it should
have been rejected
, .05 or less (.01 or .001) - CORRECT ANSWER The significance level for the social
sciences is usually set at _________. The significance level gives you the probability of
a type I error.
N = 1 - CORRECT ANSWER is known as a single subject design or case study and
thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, etc. Case studies are becoming more
popular.
Demand characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER are evident when subjects in a study
have cues regarding what the researcher desires or does not desire that influence their
behavior. This can confound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
Obtrusive or a reactive measure - CORRECT ANSWER If subjects know they are being
observed we refer to the process as ___________. Observers' presence can influence
subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure - CORRECT ANSWER when subjects are not aware that they are
being measured we say it is __________
Internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER is high when an experimental has few flaws and
thus the findings are accurate. In other words, the IV caused the changes in the DV, not
some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When the
________ is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity - CORRECT ANSWER is high when the results in a study can be
generalized to other settings.
t test - CORRECT ANSWER a popular parametric test for comparing two means; used
to determine whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different from
each other.
ANOVA or analysis of variance (also called a one-way ANOVA) - CORRECT ANSWER
is used when you have two or more means to compare. The t test and the _________
are parametric measures for normally distributed populations. The _____ provides F
values. There are 3 basic kinds of ANOVA: one-way, factorial, and multivariate. Since
you now have 3 groups the t-test is no longer appropriate. You would use the one-way
analysis of variance when you have only one variable at three or more levels.
F test - CORRECT ANSWER will tell you if significant differences are present
True - CORRECT ANSWER Use the MANOVA or multivariate analysis of variance
when you are investigating more than one DV. Use the factorial analysis of variance
when you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (i.e., if you have two
IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA, three IVs, a three-way ANOVA, etc.)
Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallace - CORRECT ANSWER If the population is not necessarily
normal then a nonparametric test such as a _________ (the most common
nonparametric test) or _________ (similar to the ANOVA) can be used.
ex post facto, causal-comparative design - CORRECT ANSWER If the researcher did
not manipulate the variable and you are looking at after-the-fact data, then the research
is not a true experiment but rather an ______ or so-called ________.
Descriptive statistics - CORRECT ANSWER are statistics that describe central
tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the variance, and the
standard deviation
Statistical analyses - CORRECT ANSWER include correlation coefficients, t tests,
ANOVAs, Analysis of Covariance, Chi square, Kruskal Wallis etc.
