NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /
2025) Rasmussen | Already Passed
What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system in relation to pathophysiology?
✔✔ The lymphatic system helps in fluid balance, transports dietary lipids, and plays a crucial
role in immune responses by filtering pathogens and facilitating lymphocyte circulation.
How does acute stress affect physiological functions in the body?
✔✔ Acute stress triggers the release of catecholamines and cortisol, leading to increased heart
rate, heightened alertness, and enhanced metabolic functions, which prepare the body for
immediate action.
What is the significance of apoptosis in maintaining cellular homeostasis?
✔✔ Apoptosis is programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells, helping
to maintain cellular balance and prevent the development of diseases such as cancer.
How do autoimmune diseases develop?
✔✔ Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the
body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage in various organs and systems.
1
,What are the hallmark signs of diabetic ketoacidosis?
✔✔ Hallmark signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include hyperglycemia, ketonuria, metabolic
acidosis, and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fruity-scented breath.
How does chronic inflammation contribute to the development of chronic diseases?
✔✔ Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage, promote insulin resistance, and trigger
pathological changes in blood vessels, contributing to the development of diseases like diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
What factors can influence the severity of a myocardial infarction?
✔✔ Factors include the duration of ischemia, the extent of collateral circulation, the presence of
pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, and the speed of medical intervention.
How does liver cirrhosis affect the body's ability to detoxify substances?
✔✔ Liver cirrhosis impairs the liver's ability to metabolize and eliminate toxins, leading to the
accumulation of harmful substances in the bloodstream and resulting in complications like
hepatic encephalopathy.
2
, What is the role of B-cells in the immune response?
✔✔ B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens, playing a
crucial role in humoral immunity and the body's ability to remember past infections.
How can chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lead to respiratory failure?
✔✔ COPD causes progressive airflow limitation and impaired gas exchange, leading to
hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and eventual respiratory failure due to the lung's reduced ability to
ventilate effectively.
What is the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis?
✔✔ Hypertension can damage blood vessels and promote the formation of plaques in the
arteries, leading to atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of cardiovascular events like heart
attacks and strokes.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?
✔✔ Clinical manifestations include hypocalcemia, which can lead to muscle cramps, tetany,
seizures, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias due to low calcium levels.
How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
3
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /
2025) Rasmussen | Already Passed
What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system in relation to pathophysiology?
✔✔ The lymphatic system helps in fluid balance, transports dietary lipids, and plays a crucial
role in immune responses by filtering pathogens and facilitating lymphocyte circulation.
How does acute stress affect physiological functions in the body?
✔✔ Acute stress triggers the release of catecholamines and cortisol, leading to increased heart
rate, heightened alertness, and enhanced metabolic functions, which prepare the body for
immediate action.
What is the significance of apoptosis in maintaining cellular homeostasis?
✔✔ Apoptosis is programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells, helping
to maintain cellular balance and prevent the development of diseases such as cancer.
How do autoimmune diseases develop?
✔✔ Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the
body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage in various organs and systems.
1
,What are the hallmark signs of diabetic ketoacidosis?
✔✔ Hallmark signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include hyperglycemia, ketonuria, metabolic
acidosis, and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fruity-scented breath.
How does chronic inflammation contribute to the development of chronic diseases?
✔✔ Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage, promote insulin resistance, and trigger
pathological changes in blood vessels, contributing to the development of diseases like diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
What factors can influence the severity of a myocardial infarction?
✔✔ Factors include the duration of ischemia, the extent of collateral circulation, the presence of
pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, and the speed of medical intervention.
How does liver cirrhosis affect the body's ability to detoxify substances?
✔✔ Liver cirrhosis impairs the liver's ability to metabolize and eliminate toxins, leading to the
accumulation of harmful substances in the bloodstream and resulting in complications like
hepatic encephalopathy.
2
, What is the role of B-cells in the immune response?
✔✔ B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens, playing a
crucial role in humoral immunity and the body's ability to remember past infections.
How can chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lead to respiratory failure?
✔✔ COPD causes progressive airflow limitation and impaired gas exchange, leading to
hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and eventual respiratory failure due to the lung's reduced ability to
ventilate effectively.
What is the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis?
✔✔ Hypertension can damage blood vessels and promote the formation of plaques in the
arteries, leading to atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of cardiovascular events like heart
attacks and strokes.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?
✔✔ Clinical manifestations include hypocalcemia, which can lead to muscle cramps, tetany,
seizures, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias due to low calcium levels.
How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
3
