NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | 100% Pass
What is pathophysiology?
✔✔ Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes in the body that result from disease
processes.
How does inflammation contribute to the healing process?
✔✔ Inflammation increases blood flow and the influx of immune cells to the site of injury,
which helps to remove debris and pathogens, promoting tissue repair.
What role do cytokines play in the immune response?
✔✔ Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and
hematopoiesis, facilitating communication between cells of the immune system.
What are the main differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
✔✔ Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury characterized by redness, heat,
swelling, and pain, while chronic inflammation is a prolonged response that can lead to tissue
damage and fibrosis.
1
,How do free radicals contribute to cellular injury?
✔✔ Free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging cellular components such as DNA,
proteins, and lipids, leading to cell dysfunction and death.
What is the significance of apoptosis in the body?
✔✔ Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by
removing damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.
How do genetic mutations lead to disease?
✔✔ Genetic mutations can disrupt normal cellular functions, leading to abnormal protein
production, altered cellular signaling, and ultimately the development of diseases.
What is the concept of homeostasis in relation to disease?
✔✔ Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions; disease often
disrupts this balance, leading to physiological changes and symptoms.
How do environmental factors contribute to the development of diseases?
2
,✔✔ Environmental factors such as toxins, pathogens, and lifestyle choices can interact with
genetic predispositions to influence the onset and progression of diseases.
What are the common signs and symptoms of systemic infection?
✔✔ Common signs and symptoms of systemic infection include fever, chills, fatigue, increased
heart rate, and elevated white blood cell count.
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
✔✔ The lymphatic system facilitates the transport of lymph, which contains immune cells, and
helps to filter pathogens and debris from tissues.
How does chronic stress affect the body’s physiological functions?
✔✔ Chronic stress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
resulting in increased levels of cortisol and potential long-term effects on metabolism, immune
function, and cardiovascular health.
What are the primary characteristics of neoplasia?
✔✔ Neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, lack of differentiation, and the
ability to invade surrounding tissues, potentially leading to cancer.
3
, How does ischemia differ from hypoxia?
✔✔ Ischemia refers to a reduced blood supply to tissues, which can lead to both oxygen
deprivation and nutrient deficiency, while hypoxia specifically refers to insufficient oxygen
availability to tissues.
What mechanisms do pathogens use to evade the immune system?
✔✔ Pathogens can evade the immune system through mechanisms such as antigenic variation,
production of immune-modulating substances, and hiding within host cells.
What are the primary roles of T cells in the immune response?
✔✔ T cells play critical roles in cell-mediated immunity, including the direct killing of infected
cells (cytotoxic T cells) and the regulation of immune responses (helper T cells).
What factors can influence the healing process in tissues?
✔✔ Factors influencing healing include the type of tissue, extent of injury, presence of infection,
nutritional status, and underlying medical conditions.
4
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | 100% Pass
What is pathophysiology?
✔✔ Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes in the body that result from disease
processes.
How does inflammation contribute to the healing process?
✔✔ Inflammation increases blood flow and the influx of immune cells to the site of injury,
which helps to remove debris and pathogens, promoting tissue repair.
What role do cytokines play in the immune response?
✔✔ Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and
hematopoiesis, facilitating communication between cells of the immune system.
What are the main differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
✔✔ Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury characterized by redness, heat,
swelling, and pain, while chronic inflammation is a prolonged response that can lead to tissue
damage and fibrosis.
1
,How do free radicals contribute to cellular injury?
✔✔ Free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging cellular components such as DNA,
proteins, and lipids, leading to cell dysfunction and death.
What is the significance of apoptosis in the body?
✔✔ Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by
removing damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.
How do genetic mutations lead to disease?
✔✔ Genetic mutations can disrupt normal cellular functions, leading to abnormal protein
production, altered cellular signaling, and ultimately the development of diseases.
What is the concept of homeostasis in relation to disease?
✔✔ Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions; disease often
disrupts this balance, leading to physiological changes and symptoms.
How do environmental factors contribute to the development of diseases?
2
,✔✔ Environmental factors such as toxins, pathogens, and lifestyle choices can interact with
genetic predispositions to influence the onset and progression of diseases.
What are the common signs and symptoms of systemic infection?
✔✔ Common signs and symptoms of systemic infection include fever, chills, fatigue, increased
heart rate, and elevated white blood cell count.
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
✔✔ The lymphatic system facilitates the transport of lymph, which contains immune cells, and
helps to filter pathogens and debris from tissues.
How does chronic stress affect the body’s physiological functions?
✔✔ Chronic stress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
resulting in increased levels of cortisol and potential long-term effects on metabolism, immune
function, and cardiovascular health.
What are the primary characteristics of neoplasia?
✔✔ Neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, lack of differentiation, and the
ability to invade surrounding tissues, potentially leading to cancer.
3
, How does ischemia differ from hypoxia?
✔✔ Ischemia refers to a reduced blood supply to tissues, which can lead to both oxygen
deprivation and nutrient deficiency, while hypoxia specifically refers to insufficient oxygen
availability to tissues.
What mechanisms do pathogens use to evade the immune system?
✔✔ Pathogens can evade the immune system through mechanisms such as antigenic variation,
production of immune-modulating substances, and hiding within host cells.
What are the primary roles of T cells in the immune response?
✔✔ T cells play critical roles in cell-mediated immunity, including the direct killing of infected
cells (cytotoxic T cells) and the regulation of immune responses (helper T cells).
What factors can influence the healing process in tissues?
✔✔ Factors influencing healing include the type of tissue, extent of injury, presence of infection,
nutritional status, and underlying medical conditions.
4
