Cardiovascular Disease NUR 445 Exam
Questions And Answers
Coronary Artery Disease - ANS Includes stable angina, acute coronary syndromes
Ischemia
Insufficient oxygen supply to meet requirements of myocardium
Infarction
Necrosis or cell death that occurs
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE - ANS Blockage of the arterial vessels leading to the
heart
Can be single or multiple vessels and single or multiple blockages
INCIDENCE - ANS Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in America
1 in 3 persons suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease
In the US, someone has a heart attack every 43 seconds.
Each minute, someone in the US dies from a cardiac event
With age, the chance of death post-MI increases. Females are twice as likely as males to die
within a few weeks.
more incidence - ANS Coronary artery disease claims about as many lives each year as
cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents and diabetes COMBINED!!!!
MORTALITY - ANS While incidence has increased over past 60 yrs, actual number of
deaths has somewhat decreased
Early detection and triage - 911
Treatments both surgical and medical, have improved
Use of thrombolytic drugs in acute MI
Modification of risk factors
Recent reports are saying there has been a 26% decline - ANS in the death rate. This is
large ly due to risk factor mod., especially in the area of cholesterol reduction.
Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris - ANS "Strangling of the chest"
Temporary imbalance between coronary artery's ability to supply oxygen and cardiac muscle's
demand for oxygen
Ischemia limited in duration and does not cause permanent damage to myocardial tissue
Can Result in MI
, Should be viewed as a symptom on a continuum rather than a disease entity
Unstable Angina Pectoris - ANS New-onset angina
Variant (Prinzmetal's) angina
Pre-infarction angina
Patients present with ST elevation on 12-lead ECG, but will not have changes in troponin or CK
levels
Prinzmetal's or Prinzmetal angina (/ˈprɪntsmɛtəl/, sounds like "prints metal") - ANS (also
known as variant angina, vasospastic angina (VSA), angina inversa, or coronary vessel spasm)
is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles.
Myocardial Infarction - ANS Most serious acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial tissue abruptly and severely deprived of oxygen
Occlusion of blood flow
Necrosis
Hypoxia
Subendocardial MI, transmural MI, inferior wall MI
Ventricular remodeling
Myocardial Infarction (Cont.) - ANS Divided by ACC/AHA
Non-ST MI (NSTEMI)
ST elevation MI (STEMI) Zone of ischemia, zone of injury, and zone of infarction, shown through
ECG waveforms and reciprocal waveforms corresponding to each zone. ACC, American
College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association.
Laboratory Assessment - ANS Troponin T and troponin I (normal is less than 0.4)
CK-MB (0-3)
Myoglobin (<55)
Imaging assessment
12-lead electrocardiograms
Cardiac catheterization
stress test (but cannot have with chest pain)
drug test
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Elevated serum cholesterol
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Impaired glucose tolerance/DM
Obesity
Excessive alcohol
Limited physical activity
Stress
Questions And Answers
Coronary Artery Disease - ANS Includes stable angina, acute coronary syndromes
Ischemia
Insufficient oxygen supply to meet requirements of myocardium
Infarction
Necrosis or cell death that occurs
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE - ANS Blockage of the arterial vessels leading to the
heart
Can be single or multiple vessels and single or multiple blockages
INCIDENCE - ANS Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in America
1 in 3 persons suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease
In the US, someone has a heart attack every 43 seconds.
Each minute, someone in the US dies from a cardiac event
With age, the chance of death post-MI increases. Females are twice as likely as males to die
within a few weeks.
more incidence - ANS Coronary artery disease claims about as many lives each year as
cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents and diabetes COMBINED!!!!
MORTALITY - ANS While incidence has increased over past 60 yrs, actual number of
deaths has somewhat decreased
Early detection and triage - 911
Treatments both surgical and medical, have improved
Use of thrombolytic drugs in acute MI
Modification of risk factors
Recent reports are saying there has been a 26% decline - ANS in the death rate. This is
large ly due to risk factor mod., especially in the area of cholesterol reduction.
Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris - ANS "Strangling of the chest"
Temporary imbalance between coronary artery's ability to supply oxygen and cardiac muscle's
demand for oxygen
Ischemia limited in duration and does not cause permanent damage to myocardial tissue
Can Result in MI
, Should be viewed as a symptom on a continuum rather than a disease entity
Unstable Angina Pectoris - ANS New-onset angina
Variant (Prinzmetal's) angina
Pre-infarction angina
Patients present with ST elevation on 12-lead ECG, but will not have changes in troponin or CK
levels
Prinzmetal's or Prinzmetal angina (/ˈprɪntsmɛtəl/, sounds like "prints metal") - ANS (also
known as variant angina, vasospastic angina (VSA), angina inversa, or coronary vessel spasm)
is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles.
Myocardial Infarction - ANS Most serious acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial tissue abruptly and severely deprived of oxygen
Occlusion of blood flow
Necrosis
Hypoxia
Subendocardial MI, transmural MI, inferior wall MI
Ventricular remodeling
Myocardial Infarction (Cont.) - ANS Divided by ACC/AHA
Non-ST MI (NSTEMI)
ST elevation MI (STEMI) Zone of ischemia, zone of injury, and zone of infarction, shown through
ECG waveforms and reciprocal waveforms corresponding to each zone. ACC, American
College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association.
Laboratory Assessment - ANS Troponin T and troponin I (normal is less than 0.4)
CK-MB (0-3)
Myoglobin (<55)
Imaging assessment
12-lead electrocardiograms
Cardiac catheterization
stress test (but cannot have with chest pain)
drug test
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Elevated serum cholesterol
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Impaired glucose tolerance/DM
Obesity
Excessive alcohol
Limited physical activity
Stress
