SCCJA CUMULATIVE Exam Questions and Answers with Solutions 2024

Ratification of the Bill of Rights occurred in: 1791 Which branch of the government makes the law? Legislative The requirement for an indictment for a capital offense is required by which amendment? 5th How many justices sit on the US Supreme Court? 9 The supremacy clause establishes what as the supreme law of the land? US Constitution who favored a decentralized government with the power resting with the states? anti federalists article II of the US constitution grants: executive power what two additional protections does the SC Constitution have in article I: section 10 that the 4th amendment does not have? unreasonable invasion of privacy and particularity requirement the judicial branch the law interprets Sir Robert Peel drafted Principles in 1829 that are relevant for today's law enforcement officer 9 Peel stated that the basic mission of law enforcement is to as an alternative to ? prevent crime and disorder; using military force to repress crime according to Peel, what is the test of police efficiency? absence of crime and disorder what was established to operate as a restriction on the national government? Bill of Rights "the conduct of legal proceedings according to established rules and principles for the protection and enforcement of private rights, including notice and the right to a fair hearing before tribunal with the power to decide the case" the 14th amendment due process the US supreme court was ordained by the US constitution in: article III, section I what is the compulsory process for obtaining witnesses as listed in the 6th amendment? the power to subpoena only fully published opinions can serve as case law (T/F) true "excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishment inflicted" 8th amendment who bears the burden of proof in order to obtain a conviction during trial? the prosecution how many district courts are there (lowest level federal court)? 94 how many circuit courts are there in the US? 13 SC district court is under this jurisdiction, as in NC, VA, MD, and WS: 4th circuit court of appeals what court does not have civil jurisdiction? municipal court how does the SC supreme court hear appeals? writ of certiorari and direct appeal level of proof needed when presenting a case before the grand jury: probable cause the criminal intent that is needed as part of the critical element of proof called: mens rea what hearing is known as the "probable cause hearing", who must request it, and within what time frame? preliminary hearing, the defense, and within 10 days of the bond hearing how many jurors sit on the grand jury? 18 the US supreme court hears appeals by: writ of cert what is the age eligibility for the alcohol education program? 17-20 years who determines the sentence in all cases EXCEPT the death penalty cases? Judge examples of motions are continuance, settle defendant's prior record, and sequestration of witnesses pretrial In summary court cases, how many peremptory challenges do the state and defense each have? 5 the questions that the state and defense ask the jury to determine bias are called? vior dire questions during which part of the legal proceedings does the defendant enter as a plea? bond hearing what is the formal charging document of the grand jury? indictment in a bench trial, when does jeopardy attach? when the first witness is sworn in which court sets bond in cases that can result in life sentences? general sessions in a jury trial, when does jeopardy attach? when the jury is sworn in those words which by their vary utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace fighting words state v. perkins said that: protest is protected speech name calling, the use of profanity, and obscene gestures directed at an officer in and of themselves doe not constitute "fighting words" (T/F) true police have tolerate fighting words (T/F) true the 1st amendment protects a significant amount of verbal criticism and challenge directed at police officers (T/F) true what is not protected when directed at law enforcement officers? threats, physically interfering, intoxication which case made flag burning protected speech? texas v. johnson can someone be prosecuted or punished at all for burning the american flag? no what can influence whether or not a person develops a mental health condition? genetics, environment, life experiences when were asylums created? beginning of the 16th century who introduced the humane methods of treatment in asylums? philippe pinel the mental hygiene was brought about by: dorothea dix who was the first to conduct electric shock therapy? ugo cerletti the most common mental health condition that affects approximately 18% of the US population? anxiety disorders characterized by a person's inability to regulate his/her emotions? borderline personality disorder this disorder is also called manic depressive illness: bipolar disorder if an individual poses a threat to himself/herself or others, law enforcement intervention is necessary (T/F) true what was the first known surgical procedure thought to cure mental illness? trephenation autism is usually diagnosed within what time frame according to your SCCJA manual? birth to 3 years speaking in a monotone voice or lack of speech would be classified as what kind of symptom of schizophrenia? negative psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia not seen in healthy people positive people with this disorder have had their natural response mechanisms damaged which causes feelings of stress or fear when they are no longer in danger: PTSD from the time of issuance from the judge, how long is the mental health order valid to take a person into custody for evaluation? 72 hours believed that there are 4 essential fluids in the human body and when those fluids became imbalanced, mental illness occurs hippocrates a degenerative brain disorder which accounts for 60-80% of memory disorder and dementia cases: alzheimers disease how long can law enforcement hold an individual on an order from the judge? 24 hours unless a patient has been adjudicated incompetent, no patient may be denied the right to dispose of property, make purchases, marry, or vote (T/F) true the most common mental illness disorder that develops in children attention deficient hyperactivity disorder this is formerly known as mental retardation intellectual disability what was the first written law on record for the crime and punishment of rape? code of hammurabi in early hebrew law, what was the great importance when determining whether a sexual assault had taken place? location of the assault one in men will be assaulted in their lifetime 10 sexual arousal by rubbing one's self against a non consenting stranger in public defines: frotteurism up to of rapes are committed by men known to their victims 80% this is the drug of choice among many populations and is accessible and inexpensive: ethanol what phases (in order) are part of the the rape trauma syndrome: acute phase, outwards adjustment phase, resolution phase what does SANE stand for? sexual assault nurse examiner what percent of rape victims will never see their offender caught? more than 98% within 72 hours of sexual assault, a sexual assault evidence kit should be used for both children and adults (T/F) true a person classified as a Tier III offender of sex crimes is required to register every 90 days circumstance where an object, or body part whose real or fantasized presence is psychologically necessary for sexual gratification is called: fetishism use of the mouth on the penis of a male is called intercourse sexual intercourse between blood relatives is referred to as: incest indicators that a child has been neglected are: unhealthy, dirty, failure to thrive, unattended prosecutable child abuse cases are built upon three critical factors: physical evidence, witnesses, confessions an individual who engages in any type of sexual activity with individuals legally defined as children: child molester submissive, aggressive, acting out/incorrigibility, school related behavior, self destructiveness, severe depression, and PTSD indicators of common sexual and physical abuse characteristics of a situational child molester? low self esteem/poor coping skills, inadequate/social misfit, morally indiscriminate, may transport the child a short distance for privacy which type is responsible for the highest number of child victimizations? preferential child molester this type of abuse that is done in conjunction with another type of abuse, such as sexual assault psychological abuse what is the most important part of a child abuse investigation? forensic interview what are the five stages in the process of the child forensic interview? rapport, anatomy identification, touch inquiry, abuse scenario, closure the initial period of emergency protective custody for a child is: no more than 24 hours how long does the law enforcement department have to conduct a prelim on the EPC of the child? within 24 hours how long may a hospital/doctor detain a child they feel is being abused without consent on the person responsible for the child? up to 24 hours the period of emergency protective custody may be extended up to: 24 hours how long does family court have to hold a probable cause hearing for the EPC of a child? 72 hours sexual explicit reproduction of a child's image defines: pornography this type of molester uses seduction to lure a child, typically lacks the interpersonal skills, and is more likely to abduct and murder children: preferential child molester can a person required to report have photos and x-rays taken without parental permission? yes what is the most common manipulation tactic used by "sextortionists" in order to have the child comply with their demands? threaten to release of the sexually explicit images online a "driver" means: every person who drives or is in an actual physical control of a vehicle an "operator" means every person who drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon a highway or who is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle how old must one be in order to apply for a beginner's permit? at least 15 a driver may obtain full driving privileges at the age of 16 after holding a conditional license for one year without any violations or at fault accidents (T/F) true where can an open container of beer or wine be located in a vehicle? trunk or luggage compartment the conditional driver's license restriction of transporting a maximum of 2 individuals under the age of 21 does not apply when the conditional driver's license holder is transporting family members or students to and from school (T/F) true in order to charge someone with DUS 2nd, the driver must have had a prior DUS within 5 years (T/F) true an abandoned vehicle is one that is left unattended on a highway for more than or a vehicle that has remained on private or other public property for a period of time more than without consent of the owner or person in control of the property 48 hours; 7 days when traveling in the opposite direction when would the driver of a motor vehicle not have to stop for a stopped school bus? on a multi-lane highway or multi-lane private road how long does a person have to register their vehicle with the DMV when they purchase a new vehicle or are required to be registered according to section 56-3- 210 (A)? 45 days license plates issued for motor vehicles must be attached to the outside of the vehicle and, open to view, and must be fastened securely in a and position horizontal; upright a habitual offender is someone who: had committed three or more offenses as described in subsections a, b, and c in section 56-1-1020 in the SC code of laws during a 3 year period a child at least years of age and inches tall may be restrained by an adult safety seat belt if the child can be secured properly by an adult safety seat belt 8; 57 an infant or child under 2 years of age must be properly secured in a facing child seat in a vehicle rear on a road where the speed limit is 70 mph, what is the maximum speed that a mobile home may be transported? 55 mph a motor vehicle owner may attach a trailer hitch to a motor vehicle provided that the hitch does not obscure more than inches of the license plate issued to the motor vehicle 2 the maximum speed on an interstate in SC is: 70 mph stickers are not allowed to be placed on license plates (T/F) false can motorcycles have vertically mounted license plates? yes a driver of a moped, motorcycle, or bicycle may proceed through the intersection on a steady red light ONLY when the driver: comes to a full and complete stop for 120 seconds an individual driving cannot receive more than seatbelt violations per car, or a total of in fines 2; $50 a driver or occupant who has a doctor's note may be exempt from wearing a seatbelt (T/F) true a driver is not responsible for an occupant 17 years of age or younger who has a driver's license, special restricted license, or a beginner's permit and who is not wearing a seatbelt (T/F) true who is responsible for maintaining proof of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle at all times? the owner how old does one have to be in order to transport alcoholic liquors to and from a place where alcoholic liquors may be lawfully possessed or consumed? 21 Household member` means: (a) a spouse; (b) a former spouse; (c) persons who have a child in common; or (d) a male and female who are cohabiting or formerly have cohabited. what's the basic elements of DV in the 3rd degree? Class: Misdemeanor Court: Summary Elements: Cause physical harm or injury to a person's own household member; OR 2) Offer or attempt to cause physical harm or injury to a person's own household member with apparent present ability under circumstances reasonably creating fear of imminent peril. What level of injury is needed for DV 2nd degree? moderate bodily injury. what are the elements of DV 2nd degree? Class: Misdemeanor Court: Genral sessions Elements: moderate bodily injury, violates a protection order and in the process of violating the order commits domestic violence in the third degree, has one prior conviction for domestic violence in the past ten years, if the offense is committed in front of a minor, offense is committed against a person known, or who reasonably should have been known, by the offender to be pregnant, impeding the victims air flow, use of threatened or physical force to block a cellular device. What level of injury is required in DV 1st degree? great bodily injury or offer or attempt to cause great bodily injury, violates a protective order and in the process commits domestic violence in the second degree, has two or more prior convictions within 10 years, uses a firearm in any manner. extenuating circumstances: presence of a minor, victim is pregnant, attempt to block someone from use of their cell phone with threatened use of force or use of force. Domestic violence of a high and aggravated nature what bodily injury is needed? extreme indifference to the value of human life, great bodily injury. In showing extreme indifference to the value of human life during the crime of domestic violence of a high and aggravated nature what do we have to show? deadly weapon, stagulation causing stupor or loss of consciousness for any period of time Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature: class: felony court: general sessions elements: commits the offense under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life and great bodily injury to the victim results, using a deadly weapon, causing stupor or loss of consciousness for any period of time, presents of a minor, person known to be pregnant, robbery burglary theft, block phone from calling emergency services. In determining whether a person is the primary aggressor, the officer must consider what five things? prior complaints of domestic violence, severity of the injuries, likelihood of future injuries, if one of the persons acted in self-defense, household member accounts regarding the history of dv. mutual combat equals what? both parties fighting definition: a condition or circumstance in which the parties involved agree to a voluntary confrontation what are things officers Can Not say to people in DV incidents? If I have to come back here again somebody is going to jail, if we have to come back here again everyone will be arrested, if we have to come back here, everyone will be arrested and the kids will go to DSS, if you [the victim] call us again, I am going to arrest you what can officers say in DV incidents? if you need us call us, call us again if you need any help, please call us if the aggressor comes back. what kind of searches can law enforcement do in DV incidents? consent, plain view, search incident to arrest, search warrant. what information does law enforcement need to know before arrival to a DV call? number of people, call history, if there is any weapons, injuries, back up availability, nature of the call, form a plan of action prior to arrival. When law enforcement arrives on scene what do they want to do and what do they not want to do? do's: activate cameras, wait for backup if possible, dont's: don't park in front of the house, don't run lights and sirens, what are legal ways to enter a resident on a DV call? consent, if they need immediate aid, probable cause to effect an arrest to prevent domestic abuse to family members, emergent circumstances. State v. Abdullah recognizing that the Fourth Amendment does not bar police officers from making warrantless entries and searches when they reasonably believe that a person within is in need of immediate aid Entering the Premises - Section 16-25-70 (C) In effecting a warrantless arrest under this section, a law enforcement officer may enter the residence of the person to be arrested in order to affect the arrest where the officer has probable cause to believe that the action is reasonably necessary to prevent physical harm or danger to a family or household member. how do we need to separate the two parties in a DV call? from each other's sight and sound. When officers arrive on a DV call what should they do when they get control of the scene? Assess any injuries, identify everyone on scene, be observant, get written statements. why should law enforcement be observant? can lead to suspicions. Suspicions should lead to questions. Questions should lead to answers. Answers may lead to probable cause, What's the four reasons we want to separate DV persons? prevent contact, conduct interviews without the victim being under fear of threat, prevent the alteration of statements, restrict access to weapons. What are five indictors of deception? Choice of words, Misdirecting questions, Denial flags, Changes in demeanor, posture or behavior, Stalling or repeating questions. When interviewing someone ask what? open-ended questions, take notes, listen, don't assume. Who should translate for law enforcement? certified translator What should you never tell the suspect of a DV call? who called, or what the victim said to law enforcement. What two things does law enforcement have to do when responding to a DV call? investigate and do a incident report. what three things do incident reports need? beginning, middle, and end. lots of detail not opinion establish jurisdiction and establish the nature of the relationship. what are some signs of strangulation? change of voice, memory loss, loss of bowl control, headache, vision changes, vomiting etc. What three ways do you need to take pictures of a DV scene? full body, mid-range, closeup got to show its measurement. When should you follow up for pictures after a DV? 24, 48, 72 hours to show the progression of the injuries. If the suspect has fled and we have probable cause, what do we need to do? get a warrant and make sure it's put into NCIC. What are our two biggest motivations behind DV? power and control Domestic violence is: a systematic, comprehensive method of controlling an intimate partner or family member through physical, sexual is the most difficult to discuss, emotional, psychological, or financial abuse. what are the four major forms of DV abuse? Physical, Emotional, sexual, financial. what are the 3 phases under the cycle of violence theory? tension building stress tensions build, acute battering violent outbursts, honeymoon making up The continuum of violence theory dismisses what phase? the honeymoon phase As time increases what also increases? violence. What are some indicators that batters may use violence against there partner? power, control, being served with papers, obssisve over there partner, drug and alcohol. What percentage of police families experience DV? 40% In police families how much more likely are they to experience DV than the general population? 2-3 times why do men always not report DV? fear of not being believed, fear of losing his children to his wife if they divorce, lack of resources, and being mistaken as the aggressor What's the biggest fears in immigrate populations? fear of deportation, don't know there rights, translation issues, What should law enforcement say to a victim they want to leave the DV situation? I fear for you and your kids safety, it will only get worse, you don't deserve this. What should law enforcement not say to a victim? why do you stay, I wouldn't put up with that, you need to leave, you're crazy etc. Trespass Upon the Grounds or Structure of a Domestic Violence Shelter: elements: has been charged with or convicted of Domestic Violence or Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature, who is subject to an order of protection, or who is subject to a restraining order, to enter or remain upon the grounds or structure of a domestic violence shelter in which the person's household member resides or the domestic violence shelter's administrative offices, no trespassing signs up. Characteristics of batters: low self of stem, jealous, entitlement, isolation, verbal abuse to intimidate. who has primary jurisdiction on issuing ordering protection and wo has secondary how long does a normal order take? and how long does emergency protection order take? family court has primary, magistrate has secondary, normal time 5 to 15 days. emergency 24 hours. protection orders last how long? 6 months to a year when preparing for a DV case we must prepare for every case as if what? the victims not going to testify, going to testify for the bad guy, not going to show up. What two things must we establish in court in DV situations? jurestiction, relationship how should we answer questions in court? directly and truthfully If you don't know the answer in court, what should you say? I don't know, and only answer questions asked. definition of child as defined in Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. "Child" or "juvenile" means a person less than eighteen years of age. 2. List the historical events and court cases that have impacted the juvenile justice system and their significance. Kent v. U.S. his case was appealed by his lawyer in result case went to supreme court was charged with a 30-90-year sentence was apprehended on burglary charge for a second time. what came out of this case: As a result of the appeal, the Supreme Court created the following provisions: transfer of jurisdiction case a "child" has a right to a hearing in Family Court before a case is transferred to General Sessions Court. (2) Right to counsel at transfer hearing. (3) Right to access by counsel to social records, probation reports, etc. Re Gault v. U.S.: awarded due process for children and awarded the 5th 6th and 14th amendment Re Winship v. U.S.: Standard became beyond a reasonable doubt, have to prove that juvenile committed every criminal element of the crime. Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania: trial by jury is not constitutionally required for juvenile court. state v. Parker: Juvenile are entitled to Miranda warnings if they are in custodial setting. Not free to walk away. what are the procedures to be used when taking a juvenile into custody. first assess the situation and determine if a law has been broken that would require a "charge or case be made, procedures for taking the child into custody will begin by contacting the on-call counselor for the Department of Juvenile Justice what are circumstances a juvenile can be involved in a transfer of judicial jurisdiction and the procedures for that transfer. the Constitution gives to the circuit court exclusive jurisdiction or in those cases where jurisdiction has properly been transferred to the circuit court by the family court under the provisions of this section. court definition under Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. means family court department definition under Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. DJJ define status offense as defined in Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. means an offense which would not be a misdemeanor or felony if committed by an adult including, but not limited to, incorrigibility or beyond the control of parents, truancy, running away, playing or loitering in a billiard room, playing a pinball machine, or gaining admission to a theater by false identification C.A.T- crime analysis team Parens Patriae- is defined as the empowerment of the state to act on behalf of the child, provide care and/or protection, or the equivalent to that of the parent. adult Jail- place of detention for adults includes a state, county, or municipal police station, law enforcement lockup, or holding cell 'Secure confinement' means an area having bars or other restraints designed to hold one person or a group of persons at a law enforcement location for any period of time and for any reason. Diversion Program - This means the juvenile will face the consequences of his/her offense without going into the Family Court. Juvenile Arbitration Program - a program where a juvenile agrees to punishment determined by the arbitrator, in conjunction with the victim, the juvenile's parent or guardian, law enforcement, and the community. for first time offenders. drug court- juvenile charged with drug charged will be required to complete a program focused on treatment of addictions. resititution repaying the victim for damage to the property or stolen goods, repairing damage or cleaning up vandalism for the victim or community or writing a letter of apology to the victim Behavioral Contract - This is an agreement between the juvenile, parents and the solicitor dealing with the juvenile's behavior. This could be anything from attending an anger management class, to attending school (as in cases of truancy), or having a curfew placed on him/her for a period decided upon by the solicitor and the family of the juvenile steps in the family court system Intake, adjudication hearing, disposition hearing custodial release a written promise obtained from the adult whom a juvenile is released to procedural concerns on transferring a juvenile: shall be handcuffed, should be searched, may be photographed. when may law enforcement fingerprint juveniles? they are charged with an offense, or probable cause that the juvenile committed an offense. Confidentiality regarding fingerprints and photographs? agency must not share fingerprint or photographs with other agencies unless they need assistance in apprehending an escapee, to locate a missing juvenile, etc. Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) A joint effort by federal and state law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism what age of children should never be incarcerated? 10 years or younger. petitions are- the charging document for family court. When can a child be detained in a juvenile detention center? if he committed a violent crime, if the child is a flight risk to others, and if the crime involved a weapon. what is the length of detention for juveniles who are being held in non-secure custody? only for time necessary for identification, investigation, detention, intake screening, or waiting for release to parents. how long should a juvenile be held in secure confinement or holding faculty? during secure confinement they should be held for no longer than 6 hours and out of sight and sound from adults. they can be held in temporary facilities for a period of 48 hours before trial in family court. statutory definitions of victim- means any individual who suffers direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as the result of the commission or attempted commission of a criminal offense statutory definition individual- human being statutory definition criminal offense pertaining to victim and witness services "Criminal offense" means an offense against the person of an individual when physical or psychological harm occurs, or the property of an individual when the value of the property stolen or destroyed, or the cost of the damage to the property, is in excess of one thousand dollars. a victim of a misdemeanor or felony under state law must be notified of or provided with the information. How does crimes affect victims? loss sense of trust, and control, leaves them feeling vulnerable, traumatic stress, they are revictimized by the community response, media, law enforcement, family, service providers, and the court system what are ways to interact with victims? make sure they are safe, don't be biased, ask simple questions, avoid interrupting them. build rapport, take their statement, and a follow up. what are resources available to victims of crime? state victim resources, community resources, other advocacy organizations. what is human trafficking? is the commercial exchange for profit of human beings who are placed in situations where they are subjected to involuntary acts such as sexual exploitation, forced labor, and/or domestic servitude. trafficking involves process of using physical force, threats, promises of love, deception or other forms of coercion or intimidation to obtain, recruit, harbor, and transport people what are the components of human trafficking? sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude. what are the laws for victims of crime? victims bill of rights: To preserve and protect victims' rights to justice and due process regardless of race, sex, age, religion, or economic status, victims of crime have the right to be treated with fairness, be informed when accused is arrested, criminal proceedings etc. what is the proper and sensitive ways to perform a death or emergency notification? in person, as soon as possible, in pairs, plain language, with compassion, and do a follow up. video response to crime victims and what is the appropriate response to the situation? Short term response- Numbness, detachment, denial, anxiety, sadness, anger, yelling, disoriented, feeling overwhelmed, helplessness/dependent, fearful, and/or the "flat" affect what four ways do victims respond to Trama short term? emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioral. Long term responses to Trama? sleep problems, intrusive thoughts, dreams/nightmares, flashbacks, withdrawal/isolation, PTSD, mood swings, sadness, shame, depression, intense fear, phobic reactions, consideration of suicide, drug and alcohol problems, mental illness, heightened fear and distrust, concentration-memory problems, and guilt. How should you treat the victim dealing with trauma? with respect and dignity, use first person, don't judge, be honest etc. what signs should you look for when interviewing a victim of trauma? the victim's demeanor, and visible signs of assault. How can you gain the trust of a victim during a interview? be patient and understanding, respect their wishes, assure them it is not their fault. what are the most common forms of human trafficking? sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and servile marriage which is a mail order bride officer needs to determine if the bride is being held by force. what to look for to tell if someone is being trafficked? being controlled, inability to move, signs of battering, fear of communicating, lack of passport. what is the most important program and resource for law enforcement to assist victims of human trafficking? T and U visas T is specifically used for trafficked victims and the U is for all victims of violent crimes. what is law enforcements responsibilities to give to victims? copy of incident report, assist them to apply for victims' compensation benefits, inform them on the progress of the case. When doing a death notification what should you do? once the diseased has been properly identified notify the next of kin asap, do it in person, with two people, don't do it outside ask to come in, be simple and direct, with compassion, and do a follow up, if they need a ride somewhere transport them. active shooter a suspect whose activity is immediately causing death and bodily injury. The activity is not contained and there is immediate risk of death and serious injury to potential victims Armed Barricaded Suspect A suspect who is in a position of tactical advantage, usually barricaded in a room, building or vehicle, who is armed with a weapon. Traditional Deployment A tactical concept where law enforcement officers maintain a secure perimeter around an armed suspect and wait for a specially trained units to arrive on scene and intervene. rapid deployment The swift and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to ongoing, life threatening situations where delayed deployment could otherwise result in death or great bodily injury to innocent persons. time line of violence Period of time from the suspects first violent action until the action is stopped or the suspect transitions to another activity. Incident Transition point in the incident where the "active shooter" stops his/her violent actions and trues to escape or barricades himself/herself active shooter response rapid deployment calls for the first responding officer(s) on scene to form 1, 2, 3, or,4 man teams and immediately locate and stop threat hostage/barricaded suspect response involves setting up containment, perimeters, gathering information, and requesting appropriate resources locate, isolate, control what is the #1 objective during an active shooter response? To find, confront, and stop deadly behavior/threat. University of Texas shooting Charles Whitman University Of Texas shooting (1966) Charles Whitman shoots and kills 15 people (including an unborn child), wounds 32 others with a high-powered rifle from the top of the clock tower on the University of Texas, Austin. Incident resolved by two uniformed patrol officers who were able to gain entry into the tower and shot and killed Whitman. Mcdonalds Massacre (1984) San Ysidro, California. James Huberty shoots and kills 21 people, wounds 11 others. Incident resolved by SWAT sniper. Columbine High School Massacre Littleton, Colorado, April 20, 1999. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shoot and kill 13 people and wound dozens of others. Both suspects committed suicide. Officers arrived on scene 2 minutes after the initial call; however, officers did not make entry until 45 minutes later. Blacksburg, Virginia, April 16, 2007. Virginia Tech. Campus. Shooting Seung-Hui Cho shoots and kills two students and leaves campus. Returns approximately two hours later and shoots and kills 32 people. Cho wounds several other students and teachers. Suspect commits suicide. Westroads Mall in West Omaha. Omaha, Nebraska, December 5, 2007. 19 year old Robert Hawkins shoots and kills 8 people and wounds 5 others. Suspect commits suicide. (Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office Centennial, Colorado). James Eagan Holmes (shooter) Picture was taken hours after a shooting massacre at an Aurora, Colorado movie theater that killed 12 and injured 58 people on July 20, 2012. Mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Left 27 people dead, including 20 children and the gunman identified as 20-year- old Adam Lanza, reportedly had three guns on him, including an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle. Lanza killed himself in the school. After the shooting, it was discovered that Lanza had also shot and killed his mother, Nancy Lanza, in the home they shared. Lessons learned from active shooter situations (1) Active shooter incidents are spontaneous. (2) Suspect behavior is unpredictable. (3) Pre-incident signs existed in school incidents. (4) Incidents occur in a target rich environment. (5) First responders were outgunned and did not have adequate training. (6) A tactical intervention took too long. (7) Multi-jurisdictional response issues were present. The Five Stages of an Active Shooter Incident fantasy stage planning stage preparation stage approach stage implementation stage fantasy stage -dreaming of the shooting -fantasizing about the news coverage and attention he/she will receive -may draw pictures or make web postings -may discuss plans with friends and foes planning stage -suspect is determining logistics: the who/what/when/where of the day -may put plans in writing and will often discuss these plans with others -time and location will be decided -weapons will be determined and how they will be obtained -will determine how to travel to target location and how they will dress to conceal the weapons Preparation Stage -The suspect may be obtaining gunpowder or other chemicals for improvised explosive devices. -He/She might break into a house to steal weapons and ammunition and/or hide them in a designated place closer to where he/she plans to attack. -The suspect may do a practice run or walkthrough of the operation, gearing up for the assault. -Potential shooters have been known to call friends and tell them not to go to school or work on a certain day in order to keep them out of the line-of-fire. Approach Stage -the suspect has made plans and has committed to carry out the act. -suspect is actually moving toward the intended target and will most likely be carrying the tools that he/she will use for the massacre. -Officers may come into contact with the suspect at this stage because of a citizen complaint, a traffic stop or something similar. - A thorough investigation can lead to an arrest of the suspect before he/she brings down a multitude of innocent people in a shooting or bombing. Implementation Stage -Once the shooter opens fire, immediate action must be taken. -Initial responding officers need to immediately proceed to the suspect and stop the threat. -If he/she is not stopped, the active shooter will continue to kill until he/she runs out of victims or ammunition. -Remember, the active shooter is unique because he/she is going for the "top score," or the highest number of kills on record for an active shooter incident. -It is almost like a bizarre video game, except its real. Preparation Prior to an Incident 1. Prepare information packets on potential locations within your jurisdiction/area of operation. 2. Officers should walk through potential locations. Know how to get around the location, meet the workers, etc. 3. Maintain proficiency with weapons (rifle, handgun, OC, baton, etc.). Carry extra magazines and ammo. If you don't have a patrol rifle, carry a shotgun, but consider the ballistic capabilities of your weapons. 4. Wear ballistic body armor, carry a primary and secondary flashlight (preferred weapon mounted light), and have a (hands free) radio on the right channel. 5. Be mentally prepared during an active shooter situation, be mentally prepared to: 1. Encounter numerous victims and bypass them as you search for the shooter. 2. Encounter and engage suspects. 3. Receive incoming fire. Active Shooter "Profiling" -There is no 100% accurate profile for an active shooter. -Criminal profiling is guesswork at best. -Shooters can be both male/female and of all races. -When criminal profiling an active shooter, look beyond to the facts and evidence that support criminal activity. Outer Perimeter Issues and Concerns -Parents If the active shooter incident occurs in a school, you will have numerous parents converging on your location. -The media is also a concern to officers during an active shooter incident. A separate "staging area" needs to be set up for the media. Keep this area away from parents. -General public: If assisting with outer perimeter issues, be aware that the public may also begin to show up at the scene to see what is going on. -First responders (EMS & Fire) You may need to secure specific locations for personnel from responding fire, EMS and life flight helicopters. Initial Deployment - En-route Tasks a. Rapid deployment to an active shooter is an emergency response. Since the #1 objective is to find, confront and stop the deadly behavior (Locate, Isolate, and Control), officers should respond in emergency code with blue lights and siren! b. Obtain pertinent intelligence (description of shooter, location and building diagram). c. Determine initial deployment location. d. Determine ETA of other responding officers and coordinate initial deployment from secure location. Arrival on Scene Of An Active Shooting a. Pick a secure deployment location. Quickly check gear. Orient yourself without coming under fire. b. Coordinate with other units. Ensure supervisors and dispatch knows you are on scene and where/when you intend to deploy/go c. Base intelligence on what you see and hear upon arrival (smoke, fire, victim bodies, blood, gunshots or silence). Movements to Locate Suspect(s) a. Line of sight/heavy fire from suspect(s) may dictate entry point and breaching methods. Move quickly and efficiently to engage active shooter. b. Controlled Directed Fire may be necessary while additional officers maneuver/deploy. c. If available, use cover and concealment while moving. Cover stops bullets; concealment only hides you from view. d. Cover and movement tactics can be used to move across large open areas. -Interior movement and clearing techniques (1-2-3-4-5 officer dynamic movement). Dynamic movement by officers involves speed, surprise and shock of action to gain a tactical advantage. -Upon entering, if the location of the active shooter is known or there are signs or indicators (gunshots, injured victims or cries for help) tending to establish the location of the shooter, officers should move immediately and aggressively to engage the active shooter. -Once the immediate threat is eliminated officers can conduct a deliberate clearing of the location room by room. Traditional response Involve establishing perimeter and waiting on specialized teams (i.e. SWAT) to arrive on scene or waiting for additional units to arrive to establish a response team. Non-traditional response Dictate that officers enter the structure upon arrival to the incident, whether as a single Officer or multi-unit capacity. Approach to exterior door with entry -During the entry phase, weapons will be in the ready position whether carrying a pistol or long gun. -Officers will maintain 360 degree security in order to scan and monitor all danger areas. -Officers will move at a speed that allows them to process each danger area. -Entering the door, Officers will conduct a brief scan of the entry point prior to entering the structure. Limited entry tactics For limited entry, the Officers should utilize a methodical slicing method known as the 45/90/45 and starting the process off with the leading edge of the door Response tactics during hallway movement -work from the center of the hallway to promote views into rooms and movement options. -scan rooms in the prescribed manor to identify those who are actively causing harm. -negotiate through a structure while being exposed to hallway movement (large crowds fleeing, injured victims). -respond to stimulus by the active threat. Threat engagement Officers will: - slow down when approaching the threat area - engage the threat from the leading edge of the door frame - use the proper limited entry technique - clear hard corners prior to entering a room where a threat is located. Once it appears that a threat has been neutralized, officers should initiate the following sequence of actions: - quickly determine and announce the status of threat condition - check status of their duty weapon's condition. - set up security after clearing any points of likely opposition - determine an immediate action plan based on whether or not there is more stimulus - communicate the status of the incident with dispatch - check their personal medical status by using blood raking -aid victims until additional emergency personnel enter the structure. What is blood raking? moving hands over bodies and checking to make sure there is no apparent blood loss Two officer contact and cover. First officer (contact/point) determines direction and speed of movement; second officer (cover) supports the contact officer, picks up angles not covered by first officer, is responsible for radio communication and rear security. Three officer; point, point cover, rear guard. Contact/Point determines direction and speed, point cover picks up uncovered angles, and rear guard defends group from rear or picks up additional angles as appropriate. What are areas of domination? areas that officers control and allow officers a shooting position that dominates and covers a large area Wounded, bleeding, dying victims and fellow officers must be bypassed until the threat has been eliminated. Breaching/Entering. (1) It may be necessary to attempt a door/window breach if it is determined that the suspect is inside a locked room and actively shooting people. (2) An inward opening door can be breached with a ram. Outward opening doors may be pried open using a breaching/prying tool. If a window is available it can be broken out and raked clean with a breaching tool. Bolt cutters may be required for chained doors. (3) Ballistic breaching with explosives and special shotgun rounds may be necessary with metal cased or solid core wood doors. Proper standoff and angle is essential for the safety of the officers as well. During a rapid deployment to an active shooter, the first priority is to: locate and stop the threat The emotion and chaos of an active shooting scene will likely result in unreliable information regarding: numbers and descriptions of suspects Steps to maintaining the proper mindset and controlling one's emotions: 1. Be aggressive and decisive in actions. 2. Be prepared to be fired upon and continue fighting if hit. 3. Be prepared to encounter and bypass casualties. 4. Be flexible, ready to adapt and improvise to win. Definition of IED: improvised explosive device Haz-Mat is not a fire service problem it is A public safety problem Haz-Mat defined as Any substance or material in any form or quantity that poses unreasonable risk to safety, health and property How should you approach a Haz-Mat scene If possible upwind, uphill and upstream Possible health effects of hazardous materials include poisoning, nausea and vomiting, headache, skin rashes, chemical burns Haz-Mat risk they pose Very damaging to the environment, wildlife and human life First responders at Haz-Mat have 6 responsibilities recognize incident and activate response, protect yourself, determine initial response, decide and take immediate action, manage the incident until relieved, transition command Haz-Mat first responders are the Eyes and ears of the situation CHEMTREC is a 24 hr emergency response assistance Shipping orders are Orders, bill of lading, manifest, most source of information available as to materials in transport Shipping orders can be found where Possession of operator, marked envelope in cab, engineer if on train, or engine closest to freight, wheelhouse, or with captain of ship, cockpit and w pilot MSDS is Fixed facility information sheets on specific chemicals stored at a facility The rule of thumb is Simple approach of judging proper distance. Extend arm hold thumb out close one eye cover scene, can you still see scene, if so too close Haz-Mat target the Nervous system, Skelton and marrow, thyroid gland, lungs, heart, blood, veins, liver, kidneys, intestines and skin Of all the things Haz-Mat target these are the most vulnerable Lungs and respiratory tract Any call for service has the potential to Involve hazardous materials The DOT placard and label system is used in the transportation Of hazardous materials Placard and label system International System devised by United Nations and United States Dept. of Transportation Hazardous materials are divided into how different hazard classes? 9 class 1 Explosives Class 2 Gases Class 3 Flammable liquids Class 4 Flammable solids class 5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides class 6 toxic and infectious substances class 7 radioactive materials class 8 corrosive class 9 miscellaneous The NFPA 704 system was devised To be used at fixed facilities or on free standing structures such as stationary storage tanks Large diamond shaped placard comprised of 4 smaller diamonds that represent a certain hazard NFPA 704 Blue section of NFPA 704 Health hazards Red section of NFPA 704 Flammability hazards Yellow section of NFPA 704 Reactivity hazards White section of NFPA 704 Special precautions/information Within the blue, red, and yellow sections there will be a Number (0-4) that represents severity of hazard ERG refers to DOT Emergency Response Guidbook Compilation of hazardous materials information can be found in what The ERG Yellow section in ERG UN ID numbers Blue section in ERG Chemical names Orange section in ERG Guid pages w/ precaution info Green section in ERG Evacuation/isolation distances and water reactive substances White section in ERG Include resource information, CHEMTREC, contact #s Hazardous materials may be shipped how Highways, railways, waterways, and airways What is PPE? personal protective equipment What is PPE used for? For the purpose of protecting the wearer from hazardous materials It is not only important to have PPE but also Important to know how to use it. Before being issued PPE, a person should be fit tested Best way to test PPE mask Vacuum test, with or without the filter Oxygen, nitrogen, Chlorine and argon are forms of gas The ERG book is good for The first 30 mins Orange in ERG has two pages Left side is potential hazards,right side is response If you don't know what you have at a scene go to Guide 111 in the ERG P.A.S.S technique stands for: pull,aim,squeeze,sweep P.A.S.S technique is used to aid in: assisting a user in deploying a fire extinguisher The basic tactics and techniques are Approach, Position and Control Every call for service has the potential to turn into a: crime scene Approach When en route to call look for suspicious activity, use light and sound discipline Position Techniques for safety + potential evidence gathering and contamination as entering scene Control Ability to secure the scene Preservation of evidence begins when? Upon arrival Types of crime locations commonly encountered: Indoors outside conveyances and on the victim/suspect Arriving on scene, the first thing to keep in mind is: Personal safety Crime scene searches are governed by the 4th amendment Unless a building is entered legally All arrests and evidence seized may be for nothing Legal entries Warrant, arrest warrant for suspect, consent from key holder, exigent circumstances for public safety and emergency searches to preserve evidence when being destroyed or removed emergency searched are allowed when to protect life and safety, to arrest a fugitive in hot pursuit, to preserve evidence being destroyed First responders should Note vehicles and people in area exiting, approach with caution, secure and protect scene, render aid Rendering medical aid is more important than Evidence collection A Crime scene is Physical location where crime occurred, place where potential evidence Been brought to and taken from scene and the starting point for an investigation Best way to search any crime scene With a warrant Classifications of crime scenes Primary and secondary primary crime scene site of original activity, more evidence is typically yielded from this kind of crime scene secondary crime scene any subsequent scenes Physical evidence is Any material, micro, solid, liquid or gaseous that may aid an investigation Evidence frequently encountered Prints, blood or fluids, trace evidence, footprints, tire tracks, victims injuries and weapons identification characteristics Positively identifiable with individual or source(ex:prints,blood,saliva, semen) Class characteristics Possibility come from more than 1 source Value of physical evidence Prove crime committed, places subject at scene, establishes identity, corroborate testimony, causes suspects to confess, exonerate the innocent, develop motives Physical evidence only useful if Properly collected, protected and submitted Ideal ways to document a scene Sketches, photos, and notes Photos will be taken in this manor General, midrange and close up /to scale Search patterns Grid, inward spiral, parallel/CSI, strip/line, zone/sector Sketches are Permanent records, evidence in court if accurate to scene Types of sketches Overview, elevation, cross projection or exploded drawing Transient meaning Lasting for only a short time; impermanent Impression evidence Retained characteristics through direct physical contact The most positive form of ID is Fingerprints DNA collection performed how Concentrate using tip of swab , let air dry, seal in coin paper envelope When collecting evidence Identify/prioritize, collect most to least transient, focus on easiest 1st, select a search pattern, be aware of multiple scenes, determine packaging and chain of custody Always package evidence Separately, seal with tape do not staple, and plastic bags are not recommended Responsibility for solving crimes lies With all police personnel Every call for service is a Potential crime scene One of most important aspects of crime scene investigation Is conducting a proper search The contact vs. cover officer concept is like comparing The worker bee to the meerkat, one works hard while other stands guard Emergency Searches are to do what Protect life and safety, arrest fugitive in hot pursuit, to preserve evidence being destroyed or removed The theory of transfer is that No one can enter or exit a location without bringing in or taking out sometime of evidence/Every contact leaves its trace Major drug threats in SC are HC1, crack cocaine, and meth Most illicit drugs are transported by Small and mid size passenger vehicles Do not profile when conducting drug investigations Racially Officers making arrests for drug violations must Obtain a warrant from judge over jurisdiction they serve 44-53-370 SC code of laws Prohibited acts-manufacturing, distribution, dispense 44-53-375 code of laws Meth, Ice, crank and crack- covers possession, distribution, PWID, and trafficking 44-53-445 code of laws Distribution of controlled substance within proximity of school-separate offense to sell, buy, distribute within one-half mile radius of school, park or college Narcotic variety of substances that dulled senses and relived pain Heroin identifiers powder is white to dark brown, Mexican heroin known as: black tar, sticky like tar or hard like coal Packaged in grams, sold in plastic bags or balloons,$20 to $80 a gram, mostly injected/SC routinely packaged in bindles Heroin Oxycodone (Oxycontin) Schedule II, a used orally or crushed and sniffed or dissolved and injected. Come in 10,20,40 and 80mg tabs Fentanyl Schedule II synthetic opioid, 80-100 times stronger than morphine. As little as 2mg is potentially fatal SC's location is ideal For shipping contraband throughout eastern seaboard. Midway between Miami and NY Drugs are scheduled how and why Drugs are placed in schedules I-V depending on their medical use, potential for abuse, safety or dependence and liability Alcohol is a and is Central nervous system depressant, absorbed in bloodstream what is the oldest, most universal, widely abused drugs? alcohol Crack was introduced in the mid 80s and abuse spread quickly On March 1, 2011, DEA published a final order in Federal Register temp. placing 5 synthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I of the CSA Most oldest universal and widely abused drug is Alcohol Alcohol is the factor in approximately of deaths from motor vehicle crashes 41% Depressant or downers are examples are Benzodiazepines (xanex,Valium) Rohypnol (roofies) Benzodiazepines is a Schedule IV, and is most widely prescribed Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) Is not legal in the US, also considered as the date rape drug Stimulants or uppers examples are Cocaine, crack, amphetamines, meth, bath salts Extracted from leaves of a coca plant Cocaine-sold in bags 1gr $75 8ball or 3.5 gr $150 Chunk or rock from cocaine ready to freebase Crack-$20 rocks Amphetamine for medical use are commonly used for ADD or ADHD Meth Orally and injected, ICE is smokable meth, has unusual odors Bath salts Synthetic stimulants, manufactured in China and India, off-white or yellow colored powder Marijuana Cannabis plant THC most frequently encountered sold by ounce 1/4 $40 1 ounce $100, 1lb $1000 averages 20% THC K2 or spice mixture of herbs and spices that is typically sprayed with a synthetic compound chemically similar to THC, fake weed, marketed as incense Marijuana concentrate Honey or butter appearance, THC levels 40-80% Hemp June 2nd 2014 was made lawful to cultivatee, produce, or otherwise grow industrial hemp in this State to be used for any lawful purpose hallucinogens examples LSD, Psilocybin/magic mushrooms Methamphetamine production at homemade drug labs continue to grow Oldest known group of drugs, has physiological, sensory and psychic effects Hallucinogens LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most potent hallucinogen known to science Psilocybin obtained from certain mushrooms indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the US. produces muscle relaxation, dilation of pupils, vivid visual and auditory distortions, and emotional disturbances. Using drug field kits Officers should never taste drugs, read and follow kit instructions, send drugs to certified lab to be tested NIK System of Narcotics Identification is The international standard for testing substances Tactics and strategies of drug patrol may include ACE or CAT teams, drug dogs, undercover operations, wire taps Carroll Doctrine -Carrol v. U.S. Officer can articulate probable cause that vehicle contains contraband officer may conduct a search Chain of custody Document chronological history of evidence. EX: case number, date, time, location, suspect, description, seizing officer Illinois v. Caballes Officers can not prolong traffic stop to give canine time to arrive Schneckloth v. Bustamonte Consent to search vehicle provided stop not an unlawful detention Drug proceeds are usually moved by Tractor trailers Other aiding law enforcement agencies DEA and SLED offer local assistance LEOs are held to higher Standard than the ordinary man According to SC LEO hall of fame From , how many SC officers were killed? 379 According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics in 2018, how many law enforcement officers were feloniously killed? 55 The avg age of LEOs killed is 37 The avg years of service for LEOs killed was 10 Leading circumstances in which LEOs engaged at time of death was investigative or enforcement activities, or ambush #1 weapon used to kill LEOs Firearm US dept. of Justice Statistics in 2018 estimated 58,866 assaults against officers occurred Suspects used personal weapons (hands, feet, knees, head, teeth) 24.7% of the time Handguns is The #1 weapon used to kill LEOs Tennessee v. Garner "Fleeing Felon Doctrine" This doctrine allowed police officers to use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon who would otherwise escape. You cannot use deadly force unless Probable cause to believe suspect could cause serious bodily harm to you or someone else Graham vs. Connor Use of force ( reasonable) and (necessary) All LEO claims in officer used excessive force-arrests, investigatory stops should be Analyzed under the 4th amendment Reasonable Showing reasons or sound judgement, not extreme or excessive Necessary Which must be done, is mandatory or compelled by circumstances LEOs should demonstrate application Of force that is consistent and accepted with police tactics and is reasonable and prudent Deadly force may be used If Reasonable cause you believe in imminent danger of loss of life or serious bodily harm at hands of another Officers should not Retreat from attack but stand their ground and meet force with force NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard establishes minimum performance requirements and test methods for the ballistic resistance of personal body armor designed to protect the torso against gunfire Vest threat levels Level 1 level 11 level 11A level 111A Level 1 protects against .22, .25, .32 Level 11 protects against Lower velocity .38, 9mm Level 11A protects against Higher velocity .357, .45 Level 111A protects against 44+ sub machine guns SCCJA recommends Wearing of level 111A w shock plate or vest should stop the round you carry Considerations on selection of vests Threat level, conceal ability , wearability and coverage Equipment that increases survival Backup firearm and ammo, long gun, extra cuffs, 2 flashlights Items to avoid Gloves that prevent utilization of equipment, unnecessary jewelry Officers should maintain reactionary gap 6-8ft Between 2009 and 2018 Automobile accidents account for The highest # of deaths with LEO's SLED stats 92% were handguns used to kill LEOs Reasons and causes officers killed in line of duty nationwide ) stats) shot-528 job related illness-408 automobile crash-350 struck by a vehicle-122 motorcycle crash-59 Contact officer In charge, communication w/ suspect and dispatch, handcuffs and searches Cover officer Assistance, establishes force presence Officers may change roles as contact and cover why Gender issues, language barriers or skills Types of ambushes Direct assault, sniper assault, and coordinated attacks Direct assault Suspect threatens violence, visibly prepared to attack and assault is straight forward Sniper attack Assaults from distance with cover and concealment Coordinated attack Multiple suspects, is the most dangerous Countermeasures In ambushes Use force reasonable and necessary, fight back, withdraw from threat, find cover and concealment, seek assistance Mistakes that decrease survivability Not maintains survival mindset not wearing armor did not identify as LEO overreaching capabilities careless not proficient w weapon fails to communicate w dispatch Tactical errors that decrease survivability Fail to recognize threat, tactical positions not used, allowing suspect to be in control, fail to use force that was necessary Countermeasures when attacked with edged weapon Recognize and avoid, create distance(min. 30 ft), present gun, and as last resort empty hand disarming Knives are close range Deadly weapons How to respond on duty in plainclothes Identify as LEO, if no threat to life be a good witness, follow dept. policies, weigh pros and cons of situation Engaging in incidents off duty Consider equipment you have, population of area, back stop if u have to shoot, reaction of bystanders Most important items when off duty Weapon and credentials Golden Rule