Test Bank for Children 14th Edition by John W. Santrock , ISBN: 9781260073935 |All Chapters Covered||Complete Guide A+|

Children, 14e (Santrock) Chapter 3 Prenatal Development 1) Fertilization usually occurs in the A) ovary. B) uterus. C) vagina. D) fallopian tube. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 2) A fertilized egg is also known as a(n) A) fetus. B) zygote. C) embryo. D) blastocyst. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 3) The germinal period is approximately ________ long. A) one month B) two weeks C) one week D) two months Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 1 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 4) The germinal period includes A) formation of the amnion. B) formation of the placenta. C) creation of the zygote. D) creation of the organs. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 5) A(n) ________ later develops into an embryo. A) placenta B) ectoderm C) trophoblast D) blastocyst Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 6) During implantation, the zygote attaches to the wall of the A) ovaries. B) vagina. C) uterus. D) fallopian tubes. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 2 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 7) The zygote attaches to the uterine wall during the ________ period. A) germinal B) embryonic C) fetal D) blastoderm Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 8) Which of the following terms refers to an outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and later provides nutrition and support for the embryo? A) ectoderm B) endoderm C) blastocyst D) trophoblast Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 9) Implantation takes place about ________ after conception. A) 10 to 14 days B) 20 days C) 25 to 30 days D) 40 days Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Germinal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 3 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 10) The embryonic period lasts ________ weeks after conception. A) from ten to sixteen B) from two to eight C) from eight to ten D) from zero to two Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 11) The endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm form during the ________ period. A) fetal B) zygotic C) germinal D) embryonic Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 12) Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the endoderm? A) Hair, skin, and nails B) Muscles and bones C) Digestive and respiratory systems D) Nervous system Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 4 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 13) Yolanda's doctor told her that her baby might be born with problems in her respiratory and digestive systems. According to the doctor, there was a problem in the formation of the A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) trophoderm. Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 14) Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the ectoderm? A) nervous system and brain B) muscles and bones C) digestive and respiratory systems D) circulatory system Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 15) Juan was born with defective vision and diminished auditory abilities. Most likely, Juan's problems came from defects in the formation of the A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) trophoderm. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 5 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 16) The circulatory system develops from the A) ectoderm. B) mesoderm. C) endoderm. D) trophoderm. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 17) Harry was born with defects in the excretory system and the reproductive system. Most likely, Harry's problems came from defects in the formation of the A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) trophoderm. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 18) During which prenatal period are the placenta and the umbilical cord formed? A) zygotic B) germinal C) embryonic D) fetal Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 6 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 19) The ________ consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join. A) umbilical cord B) amnion C) placenta D) endoderm Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 20) When a blood test was performed on Cindy's fetus, the doctors found some of Cindy's red blood cells in the fetus's circulatory system. We know that this A) is normal because the mother is the source of red blood cells for the fetus. B) is normal because the mother's red blood cells are a source of oxygen for the fetus. C) indicates a problem with the placenta, which should block the mother's red blood cells. D) indicates a problem with the amnion, which should eliminate the mother's red blood cells. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 21) Which of the following is/are MOST likely to pass through the placental wall? A) carbon dioxide B) most bacteria C) red blood cells D) hormones Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 7 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 22) Which of the following is/are LEAST likely to pass through the placental wall? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) salt D) hormones Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 23) Juanita is having a normal pregnancy and the fetus is developing well. However, Juanita has recently picked up an infection and bacteria have accumulated in her blood stream. We know that most likely, A) many of these bacteria will be able to enter the fetus's circulation. B) the bacteria will be eliminated by the white blood cells of the fetus. C) the bacteria will be eliminated by the antimicrobicidal secretions of the amnion. D) the placental wall will block the bacteria from entering the fetus. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 24) The baglike structure that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is called the A) placenta. B) fallopian tube. C) amnion. D) uterus. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 8 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 25) The doctor has told Sheryl and Jason that their unborn baby is having problems because of significant changes in the temperature around the fetus. The most likely explanation for this problem is that the ________ has failed to perform its protective function. A) uterus B) amniotic fluid C) placenta D) trophoblast Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 26) Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period of prenatal development? A) A growth spurt occurs in the body's lower parts. B) The life-support systems for the embryo develop. C) All the major reflexes appear. D) The mother can feel arm and leg movements. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 27) ________ is the name given to the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development. A) Mitosis B) Organogenesis C) Fertilization D) Implantation Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 9 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 28) The neural tube eventually becomes the A) spinal cord. B) optic nerve. C) umbilical vein. D) placenta. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 29) A mother can feel arm and leg movements of her unborn child for the first time during the ________ period. A) zygotic B) germinal C) embryonic D) fetal Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 30) Tamika says that she is currently in the longest period of her pregnancy. Tamika's pregnancy is in the ________ period. A) germinal B) embryonic C) fetal D) zygotic Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 10 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 31) Irregular breathing movements begin occurring in the fetus by the end of the ________ month. A) third B) fourth C) fifth D) sixth Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 32) The fetal period ends A) at the end of the first trimester. B) when implantation is complete. C) at the end of the third trimester. D) when the heart begins to beat. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 33) Which of the following events in fetal growth occurs during the last two months of pregnancy? A) The heartbeat begins. B) Irregular breathing begins. C) Organogenesis occurs. D) Fatty tissues develop. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 11 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 34) Which of the following happens toward the end of a baby's development in the womb? A) Irregular breathing movements occur. B) The grasping reflex develops. C) Fetal movements are felt by the mother. D) The fetus gains most of its weight. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 35) When do the germinal and embryonic periods occur? A) first trimester B) first and second trimesters respectively C) second trimester D) second and third trimesters respectively Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: The Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 36) Viability (the potential to survive outside the womb) occurs A) at the very end of the third trimester. B) toward the middle of the second trimester. C) at the very end of the second trimester. D) toward the middle of the third trimester. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 12 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 37) ________ occurs when the head end of the neural tube fails to close. A) Megalencephaly B) Anencephaly C) Rachischisis D) Spina bifida Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Prenatal Brain Development Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 38) Neurogenesis begins to take place at about the ________ week. A) fifth prenatal B) tenth prenatal C) fifteenth prenatal D) twenty-second prenatal Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Prenatal Brain Development Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 39) Which of the following make(s) up the largest portion of weight gain during pregnancy in the third trimester? A) tissue fluid B) increased blood volume C) uterus and breasts D) fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Expectant Mother's Nutrition and Weight Gain Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 13 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 40) Expectant mothers who gain more than the recommended amount of weight during their pregnancy are, as a result, at risk for all of the following EXCEPT A) hypertension. B) diabetes. C) infections. D) cancer. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 41) Infants who are born to mothers who gain more than the recommended weight during pregnancy show higher rates of all of the following EXCEPT A) neural tube defects. B) preterm birth. C) type 2 diabetes. D) cleft palate. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 42) What is the recommended weight gain for mothers who are obese prior to getting pregnant? A) 5–10 pounds B) 11–20 pounds C) 21–30 pounds D) 31–40 pounds Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 14 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 43) Which of the following exercises is NOT recommended for women in the latter part of their pregnancies? A) bicycling B) swimming C) jogging D) walking Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Exercise Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 44) Now that Chloe is pregnant, she will have to increase several nutrients over the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for nonpregnant women. Which of the following nutrients should have the largest percentage increase? A) vitamin A B) riboflavin C) iron D) calcium Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Expectant Mother's Nutrition and Weight Gain Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 15 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 45) Now that Denise is pregnant, she needs to increase her daily vitamin intake. The intake of which of the following vitamins should be increased the most? A) vitamin C B) vitamin D C) vitamin E D) vitamin A Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Expectant Mother's Nutrition and Weight Gain Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 46) Which of the following exercises is recommended the LEAST for the latter part of pregnancy? A) bicycling B) walking C) swimming D) jogging Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Exercise Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 47) During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, a major focus of prenatal classes is A) preparing for the birth. B) development of the embryo and fetus. C) sexuality during pregnancy. D) nutrition, rest, and exercise. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Prenatal Care Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 16 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 17 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 48) Recent research has shown that benefits from doing tai chi/yoga while pregnant include all of the following EXCEPT A) reduced sleep disturbances. B) decreased depression. C) decreased anxiety. D) decreased appetite. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Exercise Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 49) Which of the following activities should be avoided during pregnancy? A) cycling B) downhill snow skiing C) swimming D) walking Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Exercise Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 50) Early prenatal classes often discuss A) preparations for the birth. B) infant care issues. C) postpartum self-care. D) sexuality during pregnancy. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Prenatal Care Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 18 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 51) The word teratogen comes from the Greek word tera, which means A) poison. B) monster. C) defect. D) sorrow. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 52) Any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect is known as a A) mutagen. B) pyrogen. C) zymogen. D) teratogen. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 53) Which of the following is TRUE regarding teratogens? A) Teratogens cause anatomical defects after organogenesis is complete. B) A fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens during the fetal period. C) Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens. D) Potential effects of most teratogens become apparent at birth. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 19 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 54) If Jennifer wants to reduce the risk of having a baby with a birth defect caused by an environmental substance like drugs or alcohol, she should understand that exposure to teratogens can cause the most damage during A) conception. B) gametogenesis. C) the fetal period. D) the embryonic period. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 55) Exposure to teratogens during the fetal period will most likely A) cause anatomical defects. B) lead to faulty organ functioning. C) result in miscarriage. D) affect implantation of the zygote. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 56) The probability of a structural defect is greatest ________, when organs are being formed. A) at the end of the fetal period B) early in the germinal period C) early in the embryonic period D) at the time of implantation Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 20 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 57) After ________ is complete, teratogens can no longer cause anatomical defects. A) morphogenesis B) organogenesis C) histogenesis D) embryogenesis Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Teratogens Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 58) The most common birth defect associated with women who took thalidomide during pregnancy was A) emotional disturbances in the child. B) physical deformities of the limbs. C) cognitive abnormalities. D) preterm births. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 59) What common acne medication is prescribed to teenagers but also appears on the prohibited list of drugs that should never be taken during pregnancy? A) isotretinoin B) progestin C) streptomycin D) tetracycline Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 21 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 60) Consuming large amounts of caffeine while pregnant was linked in a recent study to A) infants born at a low birth weight or who were small for the gestational age. B) increased risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. C) reduced social functioning. D) emotional disturbances in adolescence. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Caffeine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 61) According to your text, the risk of early pregnancy loss is elevated when A) both men and women consume alcohol during the week of conception. B) mothers drink moderate or lower levels of caffeine during the week of conception. C) mothers stop drinking once they learn they are pregnant. D) mothers take nonprescription drugs during the third trimester. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Alcohol Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 62) Jamie was born with facial deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart. Jamie is also below average in intelligence. Jamie's mother most likely consumed ________ during pregnancy. A) alcohol B) caffeine C) heroin D) nicotine Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Alcohol Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 22 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 63) A cluster of abnormalities that appear in a newborn and include facial and limb deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart, and also often include neurocognitive difficulties and learning problems, are known as A) cocaine-induced syndromes. B) embryonic nicotine syndromes. C) drug-induced fetal disorders. D) fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Alcohol Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 64) Sheila wants to have a baby. She drinks one to two drinks a day. She has vowed that as soon as she finds out she is pregnant she will stop drinking completely. Sheila does not realize that A) alcohol can cause adverse effects only after the germinal period. B) moderate drinking of alcohol during pregnancy does not affect the fetus. C) alcohol does not cause any adverse effects during the embryonic period. D) consumption of alcohol during the week of conception increases the risk of early pregnancy loss. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Alcohol Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 65) Cigarette smoking by pregnant women has been associated with a higher incidence of A) spontaneous abortion. B) facial deformities. C) defective newborn reflexes. D) sudden infant death syndrome. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Nicotine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 23 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 66) Gina is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Her baby is more likely to experience ________ than the baby of a nonsmoker. A) facial and limb deformities B) sudden infant death syndrome C) anatomical defects of the heart D) defective reflexes Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Nicotine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 67) Frank smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. His wife, Lauren, is pregnant and the doctor is concerned that Frank's smoking will result in the baby A) developing FASD after birth. B) developing facial deformities. C) having a low birth weight. D) being born with heart defects. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Nicotine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 68) Children born to cocaine-using mothers are likely to A) be born with facial and limb deformities. B) have neurological and cognitive deficits. C) succumb to sudden infant death syndrome. D) be born with heart defects. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Cocaine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 24 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 69) ________, like cocaine, speeds up an individual's nervous system. A) Heroin B) Marijuana C) Methamphetamine D) Alcohol Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Methamphetamine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 70) Preterm and low birth weights are most closely associated with which teratogen? A) alcohol B) nicotine C) aspirin D) tetracycline Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Nicotine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 71) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke) increases the risk of A) stillbirth. B) ADHD. C) weakening of the immune system. D) all of these. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Nicotine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 25 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 72) The use of methamphetamines during pregnancy has been linked to all the following birth defects EXCEPT A) flattened cheek bones and thin upper lips. B) infant mortality. C) behavioral problems. D) smaller head circumference. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Methamphetamine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 73) Learning and memory difficulties in later childhood are most closely linked to which teratogen? A) caffeine B) marijuana C) Accutane D) synthetic estrogen Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Marijuana Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 74) Nicole smoked marijuana while she was pregnant, As a result, her son, who is now 14 years old, is A) likely to be taller than other teens his age. B) more likely to start smoking marijuana. C) less likely to use other recreational drugs. D) less likely to start smoking marijuana. Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Marijuana Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 26 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 75) ________ has been linked with high infant mortality, developmental and behavioral problems, and low birth weight. A) Heroin B) Marijuana C) Methamphetamine D) Cocaine Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Methamphetamine Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 76) The Rh factor can result in a risk to a child if A) the fetus's blood is Rh negative and the mother's is Rh positive. B) the fetus's blood is Rh positive and the mother's is Rh negative. C) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both negative. D) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both positive. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Incompatible Blood Types Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 77) When a mother's blood type is Rh negative and the child's blood type is Rh positive, A) there is no available medical treatment for the incompatibility of blood types. B) certain prescription drugs can be taken by the mother to keep the baby safe. C) breastfeeding is not recommended for the first two months. D) the baby may be given blood transfusions before or immediately after birth. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Incompatible Blood Types Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 27 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 78) Which drug is used to try to minimize or counter the effects of heroin on prenatal development? A) methadone B) caffeine C) alcohol D) oxytocin Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Heroin Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 79) ________ is a sexually transmitted infection, and it damages organs after they have formed. A) Rubella B) Eczema herpeticum C) Pseudoangiomatosis D) Syphilis Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 80) The greatest risk for prenatal defects exists when a mother contracts rubella A) in the third month of pregnancy. B) in the second trimester of pregnancy. C) right before birth. D) in the third or fourth week of pregnancy. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 28 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 81) At what stage of pregnancy is syphilis most likely to be damaging? A) four months or more after conception B) during conception C) during implantation D) in the first trimester of pregnancy Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 82) Sharon, who is seven months pregnant, just visited her doctor, who discovered that Sharon has a particular infection. The doctor said that if he performs a cesarean section birth, Sharon will not pass her disease on to her child. Sharon is most likely suffering from A) genital herpes. B) rubella. C) syphilis. D) toxoplasmosis. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 83) If a mother has been diagnosed as having the AIDS virus, which of the following is most likely to be suggested to help reduce the likelihood that the AIDS virus will be transmitted to her fetus? A) testing the baby for infection early in the pregnancy B) vaccinating the fetus while in the womb C) treating the mother with AZT during pregnancy D) breastfeeding the baby as soon as it is born Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 29 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 84) A woman with which of the following diseases is MOST likely to deliver a very large infant (weighing 10 pounds or more)? A) AIDS B) rubella C) gestational diabetes D) syphilis Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 85) If a mother's total caloric intake and intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals is insufficient, a child born to the mother is more likely to A) develop eating disorders in adolescence. B) develop heart disease. C) have brittle bones. D) be malformed. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 86) Folic acid, a B-complex vitamin, is important in preventing A) brittle bones. B) neural tube defects. C) facial deformities. D) cognitive problems. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 30 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 87) The American Pregnancy Association (2017) has given the following recommendation for women of childbearing age and young children: Don't eat A) swordfish. B) shrimp. C) salmon. D) catfish. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 88) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given the following recommendation for pregnant women: Increase your consumption of fish such as A) swordfish. B) shark. C) king mackerel. D) cod. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 89) Mary, a 16-year-old, found out she was pregnant and went to a clinic to get some advice. There she learned that babies born to adolescent mothers are A) much more likely to be stillborn and have higher infant mortality rates. B) more prone to be born with facial and limb deformities. C) at a higher risk for developing behavioral disorders. D) more likely to develop eating disorders as adolescents. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Age Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 31 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 90) Jo-Mei is 14 years old and pregnant. Compared to a pregnant woman in her 20s, Jo-Mei is more likely to have A) a baby with Down syndrome. B) a baby with a propensity for high blood pressure. C) a baby that dies shortly after birth. D) difficulty getting pregnant a second time. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Age Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 91) Advanced maternal age confers a much greater risk of having a baby with A) heart defects. B) Down syndrome. C) diabetes. D) respiratory diseases. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Age Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 92) While pregnant, Diana experienced several traumatic life changes. She separated from her husband, discovered that her mother was seriously ill, and began a more stressful job. Diana is at increased risk for having a child with A) facial deformities. B) heart defects. C) defects of the limbs. D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Emotional States and Stress Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 32 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 93) Depression during pregnancy has been linked to women who A) have babies with limb defects. B) have babies who will develop high blood pressure. C) feel morning sickness after conception. D) deliver their babies prematurely. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Emotional States and Stress Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 94) According to recent studies, depression during pregnancy can result in an increase in ________ in infants. A) low birth weights B) physical abnormalities C) sensory difficulties D) cognitive abilities Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Emotional States and Stress Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 95) One study has shown that males who are long-term cocaine users have elevated risks of all of the following EXCEPT A) low sperm count. B) abnormally formed sperm. C) low motility. D) increased fertility. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 33 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 96) Males over 40 who become fathers increase the risk of having offspring that A) develop schizophrenia. B) are intellectually gifted. C) are overly dependent on their mothers. D) show abnormally high signs of creativity. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 97) Rick is 42 years old and considering becoming a father. Should he be concerned that his age will affect the child? A) No, paternal age is not related to any known birth defects. B) No, only the age of the mother can affect the developing fetus. C) Yes: Because Rick is over 40, the child is more likely to have a smaller head circumference. D) Yes: Because Rick is over 40, the child is more likely to be autistic. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 98) Regarding paternal factors and pregnancy, an increased risk for developing cancer is associated with fathers A) over the age of 40. B) who smoked prior to and during the pregnancy. C) who consumed minimal amounts of alcohol during the pregnancy. D) who were between the ages of 25 and 35. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 34 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 99) Regarding paternal factors, autism is linked to A) the father using cocaine. B) the father drinking at the time of conception. C) fathers under the age of 20. D) fathers over the age of 40. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 100) Describe the important events and facts pertaining to each of the three periods of prenatal development. Answer: Students' answers may vary. The important events of the three periods of prenatal development are these: The germinal period: conception to two weeks; ends at implantation of the fertilized egg (the zygote) in the uterus; cell division; blastocyst; trophoblast The embryonic period: Two weeks to eight weeks; organogenesis; endoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; embryo forms from zygote; life-support systems mature and develop; placenta; umbilical cord; amniotic sac The fetal period: two months to nine months; activity of fetus; physical activity, refinement of bodily structures, tremendous growth and weight gain in the last few months Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Germinal Period; Fetal Period; Embryonic Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 101) Scenario: Timothy was born at the end of the seventh month of pregnancy. Which part of prenatal development did he miss out on? Answer: Students' answers may vary. Timothy missed out on the last two months of prenatal development. During these two months of pregnancy, fatty tissues develop, lungs mature, functioning of organ systems steps up, and the fetus grows longer and gains substantial weight. Also, Timothy is likely to have very low weight. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Fetal Period Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 35 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 102) What are the similarities and differences between the birth defects anencephaly and spina bifida? Answer: Students' answers may vary. Similarities between anencephaly and spina bifida: Both are caused by failure of the neural tube to close, and both may be prevented by adequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid in a pregnant woman's diet. Differences between anencephaly and spina bifida: Anencephaly occurs when the head end of the neural tube fails to close. As a result, the highest regions of the brain fail to develop and the fetus dies in the womb, during childbirth, or shortly after birth. Spina bifida occurs when lower portions of the neural tube fail to close, resulting in an incomplete development of the spinal cord. Spina bifida causes varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs. Individuals with spina bifida usually need assistive devices such as crutches, braces, or wheelchairs. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Prenatal Brain Development Learning Objective: Discuss the three periods of prenatal development. Bloom's: Analyze Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 103) Other than not using drugs, list at least three ways pregnant women can improve the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby. How does each help? Answer: Students' answers may vary. Pregnant women can improve the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby by doing the following: Eating nutritiously: contributes to healthy birth weight and lowers the risk of birth defects Reducing stress: allows for the proper flow of blood and oxygen to the uterine area, which lowers the risk of hyperactivity and irritability after birth; also reduces chances of a preterm birth Exercising: lowers stress levels and contributes to the health of the mother Avoiding environmental hazards: reduces the risk of birth defects, miscarriages, and preterm births Developing a support system: lowers stress levels Participating in prenatal care: provides screenings for treatable and manageable diseases that if left untreated might damage the fetus; also offers education on topics related to pregnancy Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Prenatal Care; Environmental Hazards; Exercise; Expectant Mother's Nutrition and Weight Gain; Paternal Factors Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Remember 36 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 104) Scenario: Janise, who is African American, is living in the inner city and is pregnant with her second child. She supports herself by working two part-time jobs. Food stamps supplement her living allowance. Neither of her employers offers coverage for prenatal care because of her part-time status. What are the risks to her baby? How might things be different if Janise were living in, say, Norway? Answer: Students' answers may vary. The risks to Janise and her baby include lower birth weight, premature birth, lack of preventative care for the infant that could include screenings for treatable conditions, and inadequate understanding by Janise of what she needs to do or what she can expect from the pregnancy and birth. If Janise had been living in Norway, it is likely that she would have received free or at least low-cost prenatal and postnatal care. She would have received anywhere from 9 to 40 weeks of paid maternity leave. Also, a team that would likely include a general practitioner, an obstetrician, and a midwife would have coordinated to provide prenatal care to Janise. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Prenatal Care Learning Objective: Summarize how nutrition, exercises, and prenatal care are important aspects of the expectant mother's pregnancy. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 105) Compare and contrast the effects of the mother's drug use and the father's drug use on the fetus. Answer: Students' answers may vary. Drug use by either parent can have very negative outcomes on a fetus, but drug use by the mother is vastly more dangerous because it typically exposes the fetus directly to the teratogen. The nature of the effect is dependent on the type of drug and level of use by the mother, but it can include an incredibly wide range of conditions, including preterm birth, infant mortality, lower birth weight, physical abnormalities including failure of organs and limbs to develop fully or developing in an abnormal way, slower cognitive development, tremors, attention deficits, and behavioral difficulties at birth including tremors, impaired motor control, and disturbed sleep. Drug use by the father can also cause serious problems, both by exposing the fetus to drugs environmentally (such as with second-hand smoke) or through damage to his own biology. Effects can include increased risk of miscarriage, early pregnancy loss, and diseases such as childhood cancer, birth defects, and lower birth weight. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Environmental Hazards Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Analyze Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 37 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 38 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 106) Scenario: During Joann's teenage years she had multiple sexual partners and contracted syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. Now she is married and wants to have a child. If Joann does become pregnant, what are the risks to the fetus? Answer: Students' answers may vary. Syphilis is more damaging later in prenatal development—four months or more after conception. Rather than affecting organogenesis, as rubella does, syphilis damages organs after they have formed. Damage includes eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions. When syphilis is present at birth, problems can develop in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Difficulty: 2 Medium Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Understand Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 107) Laura contracted AIDS a few months before her pregnancy. What are the possible outcomes for her child with regard to the HIV infection? Answer: Considering Laura was infected with HIV during her pregnancy, Laura's child can be: Infected and symptomatic (show HIV symptoms), Infected but asymptomatic (not show HIV symptoms), or Not infected at all. If Laura's child gets infected and is asymptomatic, he or she may still develop HIV symptoms until 15 months of age. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 108) Because of her job, Laura was exposed to high levels of X-ray radiation during the first few weeks of her pregnancy. What are the possible outcomes for her child? Answer: Considering Laura was exposed to X-ray radiation during her pregnancy, Laura's child will have a greater risk for the following: Microencephaly (an abnormally small brain) intellectual disabilities leukemia Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 109) Janice contracted AIDS a month after her son was born. Is it possible for her son to get infected from her, and if so, how? Answer: Janice can pass on the HIV/AIDS to her son postpartum (after birth) through breastfeeding. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 110) Jennifer has developed gestational diabetes during her pregnancy. What are the risks this condition poses to her child? Answer: As Jennifer has developed gestational diabetes during her pregnancy, she may deliver a very large infant (10 pounds or more) and the infant itself may be at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diseases Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 111) Sandra was obese before her pregnancy. Even though she was advised by her doctor to lose weight, she has not done much about it and has stayed obese during her pregnancy. What are the risks her offspring faces? Answer: Sandra's obesity increases the risks of preterm birth. Her infant also faces higher risk of neural tube defects, preterm deliveries, and late-term fetal death. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are risks for the adolescent and adult offspring of an obese mother. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 40 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 112) What are the possible effects of folic acid deficiency in a pregnant woman's diet? Answer: Folic acid deficiency in a pregnant woman's diet may lead to increased risk of the following: Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, in the offspring Preterm birth Difficulty: 1 Easy Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Remember Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 113) Julia has eaten a lot of shark, swordfish, and king mackerel during her pregnancy because eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet. What are the risks this may pose to her child? Answer: Even though eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet, high levels of mercury can accumulate in large fishes such as sharks, swordfishes, and king mackerels. By eating large quantities, Julia has exposed her child to mercury. Mercury can easily cross the placenta and affect an embryo's developing brain and nervous system. Risks associated with high levels of prenatal mercury exposure include miscarriage, preterm birth, and lower intelligence. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 114) Helen works as a nutritionist and dietitian with an obstetrics/gynecologist group. What advice is she likely to give pregnant women about eating fish? Answer: Helen is likely to advise pregnant women that although eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet, pollution has made fish a risky choice for them. Mercury, a pollutant, can accumulate in some types of large fish, and high levels of prenatal mercury exposure increases the risk of preterm birth, miscarriage, and lower intelligence. As such, pregnant women should follow these guidelines while eating fish: Don't eat tilefish from the Gulf of Mexico, shark, swordfish, or king mackerel; instead, eat higher amounts of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury, such as salmon, shrimp, tilapia, and cod. Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Diet and Nutrition Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 41 Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill 115) Compare and contrast the risks of pregnancy during adolescence with the risks when mothers are over the age of 35. Answer: Adolescent mothers: higher infant mortality rates Mothers over 35 years of age: Down syndrome, difficulty becoming pregnant, low birth weight, preterm delivery, fetal death Difficulty: 3 Hard Topic: Maternal Age Learning Objective: Describe potential hazards during prenatal development. Bloom's: Apply Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 116) Rachel lost her job, found out that her husband is cheating on her, and lost her only brother to an automobile accident during the first seven months of her first pregnancy. What are the possible consequences of these events on her child? Answer: Rachel likely is experiencing severe stress, anxiety, and depression. This can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Her child may also develop emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and language delay. Difficu