NUR 305: Pathophysiology Ch. 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 7, 8, 40) EXAM 1 Latest Updated 2024
genetic damage - ANSWER-mutations
atrophy - ANSWER-decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - ANSWER-increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures - strength
training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
hyperplasia - ANSWER-increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - ANSWER-replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - ANSWER-range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - ANSWER-new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
,define cellular injury - ANSWER-cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - ANSWER-hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - ANSWER-dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - ANSWER-when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP, functions are
reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - ANSWER-when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect any of
the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
, defects in protein synthesis ability - ANSWER-dwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-EX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
two types of cell deaths - ANSWER-apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - ANSWER-programed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - ANSWER-cell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - ANSWER-cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - ANSWER-reduced blood flow
gangrene - ANSWER-dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
genetic damage - ANSWER-mutations
atrophy - ANSWER-decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - ANSWER-increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures - strength
training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
hyperplasia - ANSWER-increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - ANSWER-replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - ANSWER-range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - ANSWER-new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
,define cellular injury - ANSWER-cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - ANSWER-hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - ANSWER-dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - ANSWER-when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP, functions are
reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - ANSWER-when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect any of
the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
, defects in protein synthesis ability - ANSWER-dwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-EX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
two types of cell deaths - ANSWER-apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - ANSWER-programed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - ANSWER-cell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - ANSWER-cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - ANSWER-reduced blood flow
gangrene - ANSWER-dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
