NGN NURSING HESI EXIT EXAM 2024

1. What is the study of the structure of the human body? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism A. Anatomy 2. B. The liver is an example of the organ level of organization in the human body A. Sodium B. The liver C. Mitochondria D. The skeletal system E. Epithelium 3. What is the breakdown of nutrients? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism D. Catabolism 2021NU 1. List the four basic types of tissues. Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue 2. List the three layers of the skin in order from deep to superficial. The deepest layer of the skinshould be at the top of your list. To receive credit the layersmustbe in this order. hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer) dermis (middle layer) epidermis (outer layer) *MUST be in this order (top to bottom) to receive credit 3. Testosterone contributes to muscle strength and bone mass. Based uponyour learning ofmetabolism, would it be considered an anabolic or catabolic hormone? Explain why. Anabolic because it is building new tissues from smaller cells and using energytodoso. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the front of the body"? A.Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial C. Ventral 2. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of astructure"? A.Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial 3. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "away fromthe headend"?Inferior/Caudal 4. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "further fromthe origin of the bodypart"? Distal 5. You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. Onthe sheet of paper containing the diagram, which thumb points to the left sideof the paper, right or left? Right Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. Are the arms part of the axial or appendicular region of the body? Appendicular 2. A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his handtoscratch his nose.What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion occurring at his elbow? A. Flexion B.Extension C.Elevation D.Depression E.Abduction A.Flexion (“closing of a joint”) 2021NU 3. What anatomical action term is used to indicate "movement away frommidline"? A.Flexion B.Extension C.Elevation D.Depression E.Abduction E. Abduction Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions haveone answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the questionwiththeinformation provided. 1. The body is divided into anterior and posterior sections by what type of plane? Frontal (coronal) 2. A section that is diagonal between horizontal and vertical planes is called what? Oblique 3. Look at the diagram below. What type of plane is shown? Sagittal (Specifically, a midsagittal plane) The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and the rectum2. True or False: The ventral body cavity contains the cranial cavity, the thoraciccavity, and theabdominal cavity. If your answer is false, rephrase the statement to make it a true statement. False. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. (It does notcontain the cranial cavity) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to thequestion with theinformation provided. 1. Using the letters given, match the cell with the type of solution it has beenplacedin: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A cell beginning to swell A. Isotonic A red blood cell placed in ocean water B. HypertonicA cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution C. Hypotonic C. A cell beginning to swell B. A red blood cell placed in ocean water A. A cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution 2. Using the letters given, match each molecule/item with its typical means of entering a cell.You will need to use some means of entry more than once. Oxygen A. Diffusion Lipid-soluble molecules B. Facilitated diffusionBacteria C. Endocytosis Polar molecules A. Oxygen A. Lipid-soluble molecules C. Bacteria B. Polar molecules 3. Which one of the following is not true of active transport? A. Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser C. The sodium-potassium pump is an example D. additional energy is required to drive this process B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20214. List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport andshippingof proteins. A. rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex C. ribosomes, smooth ER, Golgi complex D. rough ER, Golgi complex, vacuole B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. Label the 5 organelles listed below: 3: 4: 5: 7: 8: 3: Nucleolus 4: Nuclear Envelope 5: Mitochondria 7: Lysosome 8: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 2. True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (Tor F) c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside thecell. (Tor F) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule fromanother cell, binding to the cellmembrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (Tor F) e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) A: TB: T C: F D: T E: F 2. True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (TorF)c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules insidethecell. (T or F) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule fromanothercell, binding to thecell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energyexpenditure.(T or F) a. FALSE (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. TRUE (Peripheral proteins can be found on the outer or inner surface, butdo not spanacross the entire membrane). c. FALSE (This process is called endocytosis) d. TRUE e. FALSE (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebest Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021response to the question with the information provided. 1. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within thecell is impacted?What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021(1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestiveenzymes insidelysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot bebroken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. 2. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same typeof eukaryotic cellbut one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, whichone would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, thelarger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expandsthe amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active becauserelative to its volume, its surface area is largerthan a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allowsthe metabolic processes to occur faster. Module 2 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. How many lobes does the right human lung have? Three Lobes 2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C. B. Nasopharynx Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20213. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following wouldcartilage NOT be found? Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A. Trachea B.Larynx C. Bronchi D. Alveoli D. Alveoli Label the following five items from the diagram: Label B- Label D- Label E- Label F- Label G- Label B: Oral Cavity Label D: Epiglottis (not Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021glottis) Label E: Glottis (not epiglottis) Label F: Trachea Label G: Esophagus Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse to the question with the information provided. 1. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid fromenteringthenasal passagesduring swallowing. 2. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. a. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epitheliumof the alveoli injunction withcapillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells. b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is neededthroughout thealveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, TypeII cells can divide to replacedamaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5%of alveolar epithelial cells. Answer the following five true or false questions: 1. Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs. True 2. During exhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs. False (during inhalation) 3. During inhalation the rib cage lifts in an upward motion to open and expandthelungs. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021True Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20214. As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of thegases filling thelungs decreases. True 5. When the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and air naturallyflowsout of the lungs. True (air naturally flows out of the lungs because of the pressure difference) Answer the following five multiple choice questions: 1. Boyle's law states that gas volume is A. Directly proportional to temperature B. Inversely proportional to temperature C. Directly proportional to pressure D. Inversely proportional to pressure E. Both A and B D. Inversely proportional to pressure 2. Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one? A.cilia B. layers C. tall, narrow cells D. mucus producing cells E. goblet cells B. layers 3. Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli? A. Macrophages B. Type 1 alveolar cells Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C. Type 2 alveolar cells D. Erythrocytes E. Ciliated columnar cells Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A. Macrophages 4. Which one of the following is not true of the respiratory physiology? A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyondnormal inhalation B. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing C. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaledbeyond normalinhalation D. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaledbeyond normalexhalation A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyondnormal inhalation 5. Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations?(You may find it helpful to draw the respiratory physiology diagramon a pieceof scratch paper.) A. Vital Capacity (VC) = ERV+TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+RV D. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = IRV + TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV Answer the following five true or false questions: 1. Typical respiratory epithelium contains cells where only some of the pseudostratifiedcolumnar cells touch the basement membrane. False -all pseudostratified cells touch the basement membrane. 2. The vestibule is the most external portion of the nasal cavity. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021True Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20213. The vestibule is lined with typical respiratory epithelium. False- stratified squamous epithelium is found in the vestibule. 4. The fossae is another name for the pleural cavities. False 5. The bronchioles are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange. False Matchin g: A. Emphysema B. Cystic Fibrosis C. Pulmonary edema D. Pleurisy The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. D. Pleurisy This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. C. Pulmonary edema This condition results in a loss of alveoli. A. Emphysema Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021This hereditary illness results in excess mucus. B. Cystic Fibrosis Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following three questions: 1. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen(in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbondioxideis 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work. 110 mmHG 1atm= 760 mmHg 300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg OR: = 110 mmHG 2. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange? It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange. 3. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange. Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature withinthelungs. Theincreased temperature allows for greater gas exchange. Answer the following three questions: 1. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles B.Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primarybronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles 2. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses fromcapillaries intoalveoli Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021B. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses fromcapillaries intoalveoli Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs fromfully expandingdue to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy: Answer the following essay question (10 points): D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses fromcapillaries intoalveoli 3. The purpose of alveolar macrophages is to: A. Produce a lipoprotein B. Form a thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli C. Produce mucous in order to trap bacteria D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli 1) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary function would be true? 2) Explainyour answer. A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low B. Vital capacity would abnormally high C. Total lung capacity would remain the same A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low Vital capacity would decrease because there is a decreased ability to bring in as much air compared to normal values because of muscular weakness. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV Decreased VC, decreased IC MODULE 3 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiplechoicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse with the information provided. Answer the following two questions: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3: Stomach 4: 1. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fattyfoods. The liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or lessbile), fats willnot be broken down effectively. 2. Explain in detail how the stomach contents enter the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter (valve), located at the base of the stomach, relaxes causingasmall quantityof chyme to pass through the opening into the first part of thesmall intestine. This initiates a reflex that causes the muscles of the sphincter to contract andclose the openingtemporarily. Then the sphincter relaxes again and allows morechyme to enter. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Gallbladder 7: Jejunum (not small intestine) 9: Appendix (not large intestine) 10: Rectum (not large intestine) Answer the following two questions: 1. A doctor is looking to prescribe a larger dose of a vitamin that would not easilycause vitamintoxicity. What type of vitamin would be the best to prescribe?Explain your answer. A. Water soluble vitamin B. Fat soluble vitamin Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C. All of the above A. Water soluble vitamin. Fat soluble vitamins are stored within the body’s fat storesmaking itharder for the body to rid itself of them. 2. Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine. Absorption: In the large intestine water and electrolytes are reabsorbed andvitamins areabsorbed. Defecation: Feces travel to the rectum where it is excreted via the anus. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.Answer the following essay question: 1. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. The digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, anddefecation. Ingestion is when food enters the mouth. Digestion or food breakdown occurs when food is moved, mixed, and exposedtoenzymes alongthe gastrointestinal tract. Digestion can be divided into twoparts: mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs when foodisbroken down into smaller pieces. This occurs when the teeth chewfood, whenthestomach mixes food, and as food is moved along thegastrointestinal tract. Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food by enzymes. Absorption is the process of moving digested food into the blood stream. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following three questions: 1. Match the digestive organ with the one substance it produces: (4 points): Pancreas Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021F. Lipase Liver D. Urea Mouth B. Salivary amylase A. Chyme B. Salivary amylase C. Vitamin E D. Urea E. Pepsinogen F. Lipase 2. What is the purpose of the hormone Ghrelin? A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety B. Increase hunger, increase satiety C. Decrease hunger, increase satiety D. Decrease hunger, decrease satiety A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety 3. Which of the following statements is false? A. Taste buds are located on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx. B. The ileocecal valve controls the entrance of chyme into to the small intestine. C. The gall bladder, teeth, and tongue are considered accessory organs to thedigestive system. D. The alimentary canal is a continuous muscular tube, open at both ends. B. The ileocecal valve controls the entrance of chyme into to the small intestine. (It controlsthe entrance to the large intestine) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following five true or false questions: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Lipids can be divided into three categories: saturated fat, unsaturated fat, andcholesterol. True 2. Anabolism combines smaller molecules to make larger molecules. True 3. The nasopharynx is the most superior region of the pharynx. True 4. The pharynx has three types of skeletal muscle: circumferential, longitudinal andoblique. False (It only has two; it does not include an oblique layer) 5. The digestive work of salivary amylase is an example of mechanical digestion. False (Chemical digestion) 1. Label the following three types of raised bumps on the tongue. Describe thepurpose of typeB. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A: Filiform papillae B: Circumvallate papillae C: Fungiform papillae Describe B: Papillae are raised bumps on the tongue. The three types of papillae helptogrip food on the tongue: circumvallate, fungiformand filiform. Circumvallate papillae contain taste buds. Answer the following three questions: 1. Which of the following statements is true concerning glycolysis? A.Pyruvic acid are broken down into glucose. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021B. Two ATP molecules are formed in first breakdown of glucose. C. Glucose is broken down into three pyruvate molecules. D. Glucose is broken down into two sucrose molecules. B. Two ATP molecules are formed (True) 2. Which of the following statements is true concerning the second stage of glucosebreakdown? A. This is also known as proton motive force. B. Fermentation takes place here with oxygen present. C. Two additional ATP are formed along with other electron carriers. D. Glucose molecules are formed. C. Two additional ATP are formed along with other electron carriers. (True)3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the Electron Transport System? A.Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration. B. Approximately a total of 34 ATP are formed. C. Protons are pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane. D. The proton motive force forms ATP molecules. A. Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration(false) Label the diagram below, including left or right. Describe tooth (A). Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A: Left Central Incisor C: Left Canine (cuspid) E: Right Molar F: Maxilla (Hard Palate) Describe tooth type A: Chisel-shaped for biting food Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Match the five structures with the best description: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Uvula: A. Connects mouth to esophagus B. Forms food into a bolus C. Attaches to the lesser omentum D. Stores glycogen and produces urea E. Attached to the soft palate E. Attached to the soft palate 2. Small Intestine: A. First section is called the jejunum B. Contains the LES C. Attaches to the greater omentum D. Pancreas secretions enter here via Hepatopancreatic ampulla E. Secretes Vitamin K D. Pancreas secretions enter here via Hepatopancreatic ampulla 3. Muscularis externa (layer of tissue): A. Made of two layers of muscle B. Innermost layer C. Secretes mucous D. Contains blood and lymph vessels E. Begins in the mouth A. Made of two layers of muscle 4. Dentin: A. Upper portion of gums B. Outermost layer C. Bone-like substance D. Hard connective tissue Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021E. Contains longitudinal muscle Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C. Bone-like substance 5. Common Bile Duct A. Contains lymph vessels and nerve B. Joins with the thoracic duct C. Enters the ileum D. Contains secretions from the pancreas E. Contains secretions from the gallbladder E. Contains secretions from the gallbladder MODULE 4 Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following five questions: 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function bones?A. Flat bones are long and thin, such as the ulna. B. Long bones have an irregular structure C. The carpals are an example of short bones. D. Vertebrae are an example of sesamoid bone. C. The carpals are an example of short bones. 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning bones? A. Bones are not completely smooth surfaces. B. A foramen is a projection for a tendon or ligament attachment. C. A process is an elevation found in bone. D. Bones are a storage site for phosphorus and calcium. B. A foramen is a projection for a tendon or ligament attachment. 3. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the skeletal system? A. The two main divisions of the skeletal system are: lumbar and thoracic. B. The two main divisions of the skeletal system are: axial and appendicular. C. The lumbar division of the skeleton is included in the appendicular skeleton. D. The axial skeleton includes the laryngeal skeleton. E. B. and D. are false F. A. and C are false Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021F. A. and C. are false 4. The cranium is formed by bones; the facial skeleton contains bones.A. 22; 14 B. 3; 6 C. 8; 14 D. 14; 8 C. 8; 14 5. What bone is highlighted in blue in the figure below? (superior/internal view) Ethmoid bone Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1: Frontal bone (or frontal sinuses) 3: Maxilla 5: Vomer 7: Maxilla 8: Mandible Answer the following three questions: 1. Label the following vertebrae as:A= Cervical B=Thoracic Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C=Lumbar A (Cervical) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. Label the following vertebrae as:A= Cervical B=Thoracic C=Lumbar B (Thoracic) 3. What is the name of the foramina in the figure below?1: Foramen ovale 2: Carotid canal Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20213: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021External acoustic meatus 1. Label the following bone landmarks: B: Supraspinatus fossa D: Acromion E: Neck H: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Lateral border I: Inferior angle Answer the following three questions: 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the scapula? A. The clavicle connects to the scapula anteriorly near the midline of thehumanbody. B. The medial border of the scapula connects directly to the neck of the scapula. C. The subscapular fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula. D. The scapula articulates with the clavicle at the neck of the scapula. C. The subscapular fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the humerus? A.The trochlea articulates with the ulna. B. The head of the humerus articulates with the ulna. C. The capitulum articulates with the radius. D. The medial epicondyle is the prominent bone landmark of the medial sideof the elbow(in anatomical position). E. A. and B. are false B. The head of the humerus articulates with the ulna. (The head of the humerus articulates with the scapula) 3. What two bones meet at the glenohumeral joint? In your own words, whyis this jointprone to dislocation? Humerus and scapula The structure of the shoulder permits movement of the armin almost anydirection but provides little stability. The glenohumeral joint is pronetodislocation because it is held in place primarily by muscular andligamentattachment with very little bony stability. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Label the bones in the figure below: A: Pisiform B: Hamate C: Capitate D: Trapezoid Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021E: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Trapezium 2. Label the bones in the figure below:A: Cuboid C: Intermediate cuneiform D: Medial Cuneiform Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021F: Navicular G: Calcaneus Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following five questions: 1. Yellow bone marrow: A. is found primarily in long bones. B. is found primarily in short and flat bones. C. is found primarily in newborns, not adults. D. produces red blood cells. A. is found primarily in long bones. 2. The diaphysis of a bone: A. is found at the ends of long bones. B. contains the articular cartilage at joint articulations. C. contains the proximal epiphysis. D. is the center length of a bone. E. both A. and C. D. is the center length of a bone. 3. Compact bone: A. forms the exterior of bones. B. forms the interior of bones. C. is lighter than spongy bone. D. contains numerous bars and plates with irregular spaces. E. both B. and D. A.forms the exterior of bones. 4. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of from A. agrowth plate; the center of a bone. B. long bones; hyaline cartilage. C.flat bones; connective tissue. D.a primary ossification center; a cartilaginous disc. E. both A. and C. C. flat bones; connective tissue Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20215. What term best describes the type of fracture pictured below? Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Greenstick (the bone is broken, but not all the way across) Answer the following two questions: 1. A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describethisdiagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. (1) Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increasedpain and are more likely tofracture. (2) They would have decreased osteoblasts which are responsible for bonerepair. The bonerepair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdownof bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts. 2. Your patient has back pain due to a herniated disc. (1) In your own words explain what it means to have a herniated disc. (2) As reviewed in the module, discuss one treatment option toaddress your patient’s pain. (1) A herniated disc is an injury to the intervertebral disc, where the center portion of the discbulges into the vertebral foramen, causing pain. (2) Explanation of 1- Physical therapy for strengthening to support back ligaments. OR2- Surgery to fuse two vertebrae together. Answer the following two questions: 1. A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describethisdiagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. Osteoporosis is a bone disease resulting from bone degeneration. This is a conditionin which bones become weak and brittle. Patients are lacking osteoblasts, whichbuild up bone cells. In thisdisease, new bone creation cannot keep up witholdbone Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021removal. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. Your patient has back pain due to a herniated disc. (1) In your ownwordsexplain what it means to have a herniated disc. (2) As reviewed in the module, discuss one treatment option to address your patient’s pain. Herniated disc is when the disc between the vertebrae slips and presses onthespinal cord or nerves. This causes the pain. This condition can be treated inafewways. One form is physical therapy in strengthening the muscles in the area. Surgery is an option, resulting in removing thedisc yet having to fuse together thevertebrae. 1. Matching: Match the joint with the correct joint classification (A-F). *NOTE: Some joints may fall into more than one category. Mark all that apply. A= Fibrous B= Cartilaginous C= Synovial D= Hinge E= Ball-and-Socket F=Saddle 1. Elbow joint C, D (Synovial, Hinge) 2. Thumb joint C, F (Synovial, Saddle) 3. Hip joint C, E (Synovial, Ball and socket) 4. Vertebral jointB (Cartilaginous) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following three questions: 1. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: Anterior sacroiliac ligament 5. Cranial jointsA (Fibrous) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: MCL (Medial collateral/tibialligament) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20213. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: Acromioclavicular ligament MODULE 5 Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple-choicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse with the information provided. Answer the following five true or false questions: 1. There are five types of muscle tissue found in the body. False, only 3 2. Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are both under involuntary control. True 3. The musculocutaneous nerve is part of the central nervous system. False- this is a peripheral nerve 4. A motor signal is a signal that is sent from a muscle to the central nervous system. False- this is sensory input 5. The cervical plexus contains nerves that innervate the thigh. False Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple-choicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse with the information provided. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following five short-answer questions: 1. Tendons connect which types of tissue? Connect muscle to bone 2. Acetylcholine is what type of substance? Neurotransmitter 3. During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges?Myosin 4. What is the name of the thick myofilament? Myosin 5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Calcium ions must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Contraction stops when nerve impulses no longerstimulate the muscle fiber. Calciumions returnto thesarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle then relaxes Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple-choicequestions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose thebestresponse with the information provided. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Label the following five muscles: B: Temporalis C: Orbicularis oculi Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Flexor digitorum ------- ---------- 1. 2. E: Zygomaticus major G: Buccinator J: Depressor labii inferioris Fill in the following muscle chart (10 blank spaces): superficialis Pronator Teres ------- 3. 4. 5. Vastus Medialis 6. ---------- 7. -------------- Peroneus Brevis 8. 9. ----------- 10. 1. Flexion of the wrist and digits 2-5 2. Median nerve 3. Mid-lateral surface of radius 4. Pronation 5. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Median nerve Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20216. Intertrochanteric line of femur 7. Knee extension 8. Lateral, distal fibula 9. Lateral side of 5th metatarsal 10. Superficial peroneal nerve Answer the following five questions: 1. Your patient sustained an injury to their facial nerve (CN VII). Which actions would beimpaired? A. Eye closure B. Raising eyebrows C. Jaw closure D. Neck flexion E. A&B F. C&D E.A&B (Orbicularis oculi & frontalis) 2. Your patient is having difficulty when asked to bring his chin to his chest. Heis also havingdifficulty turning his face from side to side. What muscle is most likely impaired? A. Thyrohyoid B. Semispinalis capitis Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C. Splenius Capitis D. Sternocleidomastoid Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021E. Scalenes D. Sternocleidomastoid (Bilateral neck flexion, unilateral turns face) 3. A person sustained a back injury to the muscle group closest to the spine. What muscle groupwas injured? A. Longissimus B. Spinalis C. Sternocleidomastoid D. Iliocostalis E. Rectus abdominis B. Spinalis 4. True or False: When a muscle contracts, the Z lines within a sarcomere comecloser togethertowards the M line. True 5. True or False: The I bands contain thick filaments. False (I bands contain thin filaments)Answer the following five questions: 1. Which muscle contracts to enable the main effort required to stand on your toes?A. Biceps femoris B. Quadriceps C. Gastrocnemius D. Tibialis anterior C. Gastrocnemius Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. When gluteus maximus contracts, which bone is pulled posteriorly by this muscle? Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A. Tibia B. Ilium C. Ulna D. Femur D. Femur 3. When flexor digitorum profundus contracts, what action(s) occurs? A. Wrist flexion B. Elbow flexion C. Flexion of digits 2-5 D. Flexion of digit 1 E. A&D F. B&C E. A&C (Wrist flexion, flexion of digits 2-5) 4. Contraction of results in ? A. obturator externus, spine flexion B. obturator externus, spine extension C. iliacus, hip flexion D. iliacus, hip extension C. iliacus, hip flexion 5. When piriformis contracts, what action(s) will not occur at the hip? A. Internal rotation B. Lateral rotation C. Adduction D. Flexion E. Extension F. A&D G. B&E Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021F. A&D (Internal rotation, flexion do not occur) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Use the figure answer the following five questions: 1. Which muscle has origins on both the clavicle and scapula? (specify letter ondiagram with thename of the muscle for full credit) A (Deltoid) 2. Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve? (specify letter ondiagram with thename of the muscle for full credit) H or I (Lats) 3. What is the name of muscle D? (specify letter on diagramwith the nameofthe muscle forfull credit) Infraspinatus Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20214. What is the innervation of muscle D? (specify letter on diagramwiththename of themuscle for full credit) Suprascapular nerve 5. What is the insertion of muscle E? (specify letter on diagramwith the nameof the musclefor full credit) Intertubercular groove of humerus(Teres major) Use the figure to label the following six muscles: (Viewed posteriorly) A: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Extensor carpi radialis longus C: Extensor digitorum D: Extensor Carpi Ulnaris F: Abductor pollicis longus H: Extensor indicis I: Extensor pollicis brevis Use the figure to label the following six muscles: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021D: Peroneus (fibularis) longus E: Soleus F: Tibialis posterior G: Flexor digitorum longus H: Flexor hallucis longus I: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Peroneus (fibularis) brevis Answer the following essay question: Describe how acetylcholine, sodium ions and calcium ions work together toenable a musclecontraction. Acetylcholine (a special chemical called a neurotransmitter) is releasedfromamotor nerve at theneuromuscular junction (or NMJ). Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fiber that cause sodiumchannelstoopen. Sodium ions rush inside the cell, triggering an action potential whicheventually reaches the sarcoplasmicreticulum. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulumof the musclecell, causing a musclecontraction to occur. Describe how acetylcholine, sodium ions and calcium ions work together toenable a musclecontraction. For a muscle contraction, first a nerve signal is sent to the muscle fiber. Oncethissignal reachesthe muscle fiber, acetylcholine is released fromthe motor nerveending. Acetylecholine binds tothe muscle cell and triggers the sodiumchannelsto open and release sodium ions. The presenceof sodium causes calciumions tobe released. With presence of calcium, cross bridges (myosin filaments) bendandattach to actin. The cross bridges then bend again, pulling actin along. Thispull movement of the actin by myosin produces a muscle contraction. MODULE 6 Answer the following questions. 1. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LHwouldnot beableto become pregnant. (1) LH acts on the ovary to cause ovulation to occur. (2) LHcausesprogesterone release to facilitate potential fertilization of the eggand Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021pregnancy. Progesterone is a key hormone forthe maintenance of pregnancy. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Label the endocrine glands (A-C) A: Pineal gland B: 2. Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explainwhyor why not. (1) Yes. Both male and female bodies produce “all” the sex hormones. However, the ratiosare different. (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this “opposite” hormonethat the testis would not. 1. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LH would not be able to becomepregnant. LH, luteinizing hormone, stimulates the ovaries in females. Lowlevels of LHcanindicate a problem with the ovaries. This can result in problems with ovulation. Lowlevels of LH can alsoindicate a problem with the pituitary gland, which is themastergland that produces LH. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Hypothalamus C: Pituitary gland 1. Explain the concept of positive feedback. Give an example of a hormone that works throughpositive feedback. 1- Positive feedback is the action of a hormone increasing the productionof that hormone.(This is the opposite of negative feedback). Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212- One example is the action of oxytocin causing the uterus to contract during labor. Oxytocin enhances the effect of the uterus contractions, causingmore oxytocin to be released.The positive feedback loop is stopped once thebaby is born and the uterus no longer needs tocontract, stopping the productionof oxytocin. Positive feedback system increases the amount of the hormone that is regulated. An exampleof ahormone that works through positive feedback is oxytocin. This hormone is involved withchildbirth by causing the uterus to contract. As the uterus is contracting, this causes moreoxytocinto be released. Thefeedback is stopped once the baby is born and the uterus does not needtocontract. This stops the release of oxytocin. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following five questions: 1. This type of hormone is derived from proteins: A. Peptide hormones B. Catecholamines C. Steroid hormones D. Tyrosine A. Peptide hormones 2. Growth hormone A. is most active during adulthood. B. is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. C. underproduction is called acromegaly. D. A &C B. is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. 3. Neurosecretory cells are a part of what endocrine organ? A. Thalamus B. Pituitary C. Cerebellum D. Hypothalamus D. Hypothalamus 4. Which hormone production is decreased with sunlight? A. MSH –melanocyte stimulating hormone B. melatonin C. cortisol Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021D. GH -Growth hormone Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021B. melatonin 5. The posterior pituitary stores these two hormones: A. ADH and Prolactin B. TSH and LH C. LH and FSH D. ADH and Oxytocin D. ADH and oxytocin 1. List the hormone best describes each of the four statements below: A. I lower the level of calcium in the blood by depositing calciumintobone. Calcitonin B. I am the secreted by the pituitary and stimulate the gonads. FSH or LH (Gonadotropic hormones) C. I am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. ACTH D. I secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Glucagon Answer the following question. 1. Explain in detail how PTH and calcitonin work to maintain calciumbalance. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Calcitonin: produced by the thyroid glands, deposits calciuminto bone. Calcitonin opposes theaction of PTH. When the blood calciumlevel reaches theappropriate level through all these means, the parathyroid glands stop producingPTH through negative feedback. PTH: produced by the parathyroid glands increase the amount of calciumintheblood. (Any oneof the following explanations of PTH is acceptable) PTH stimulates the increased absorption of calcium from the intestines.PTH retains calcium through excreting phosphate at the kidneys. In the bones, PTH promotes the activity of osteoclasts to demineralize of thebone, increasing theamount of calcium in the blood. With the influence of PTH, calcium levels in the blood increase while phosphate levelsdecrease. PTH is released by the parathyroid glands. Calcitonin works in opposite toPTH. Calcitonin lowers or decreasesthe level of calcium in the blood. Calcitonin is producedbythethyroid gland. Answer the following multiple choice questions: 1. Which hormone/s are involved in milk production? A. Thyroxin B. Oxytocin C. Prolactin D. B &C E. A&B C. Prolactin 2. Which cells mature in the thymus? A. B cells B. T cells C. Red blood cells D. the islets of Langerhans E. A & B B. T Cells Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20213. Iodine is needed to produce which hormone/s? A. T3/T4 Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021B. Gonadotropic C. ACTH D. TSH E. A & D A. T3/T4 4. Which of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin? A. Uterine contraction B. Bone growth C. Milk letdown D. Given to aide in childbirth process B. Bone growth 5. Which hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary? A. TSH, MSH, and calcitonin B. ADH, GH, and prolactin C. PTH, TSH, and FH D. ACTH, GH, and prolactin D. ACTH, GH, and prolactin Answer the following question: 1. Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency?When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary continuesto produce TSH. The thyroid responds by increasing in size and producingagoiter, but this increase in sizeis ineffective because active thyroxin cannot beproduced without iodine. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021When iodine is lacking in the diet, the thyroid enlarges in what is called a goiter. This occursbecause ofthe relationship with the thyroid and anterior pituitary gland. When the level of Thyroxin (produced bythyroid and contains iodine) is low in the blood, the anterior pituitarygland still produces TSH. The thyroid responds by enlarging and developing a goiter. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Matching each of the following conditions with the one best explanation(1-5):1. Congenital hypothyroidism C. Low thyroxin production since birth 2. Pituitary giant A. Overproduction of GH as a child 3. Acromegaly H. Overproduction of GH as an adult 4. Tetany F. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium5. Anemia E. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow A. Overproduction of GH as a child B. Underproduction of GH as a child C. Low thyroxin production since birth D. High thyroxin production since birth E. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow F. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calciumG. Results if calcitonin is not produced in response to low blood calcium H.Overproduction of GH as an adult Answer the following five questions. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. In addition to the endocrine system, the pancreas is also part of which system?A. Excretory B. Nervous C. Circulatory D. Digestive D. Digestive 2. Which part of the adrenal glands is vital to life? A. Cortex B. Medulla C. The entire gland D. None of adrenal gland is vital to life A. Cortex 3. Which of the following is false regarding aldosterone? A. It is a regulated by the concentration of sodium. B. It causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium. C. It causes the kidneys to retain potassium and excrete sodium. D. It is a mineralocorticoid. E. It increases blood pressure C. It causes the kidneys to retain potassium and excrete sodium. 4. If you were calcium deficient, which condition would occur in your bodyif there was nohormonal compensation? A. Anemia B. Tetany Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021C. Acromegaly D. Jet lag Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following two questions. 1. Identify the region and the layer of skin that is highlighted in blue. (Also indicated by thearrow, below) *NOTE: To receive full credit you must label two regions. B. Tetany 5. Which of the following is true regarding estrogen? A.Production is highest in childhood. B. It causes growth of the uterus and vagina. C. It decreases fat storage. D. It causes females to have a narrower pelvis (compared to males). B. It causes growth of the uterus and vagina. MODULE 7 Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Stratum granulosum; Epidermis (Must have both for full credit) 2. A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A) Meisner’s corpuscles; B) Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor) Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following multiple choice questions: 1. The layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial are: A. Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratumbasale. B. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratumcorneum. C. Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, Stratumspinosum. D. Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratumbasale. B. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratumcorneum2. Exocrine glands secrete ; Endocrine glands secrete . A. for body-wide distribution, into an epithelial lining B. into an epithelial lining, for body-wide distribution C. through a duct, into the bloodstream D. into the bloodstream, through a duct E. A&D F. B&C Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Match the cell (#1-4) with its single best description (A-F), using each letter only once. 1. Fibroblasts B. Produces collagen 2. Keratinocytes E. Produces a protein to protect the skin 3. Langerhans cells A. Assists in immune responses 4. Melanocytes F. Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays A. Assists in immune responses B. Produces collagen C. Detects light touch D. Detects pain E. Produces a protein to protect the skin F. Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays F. B&C 3. Which of the following is false regarding the epidermis: A.It is avascular. B. As cells divide they are pushed towards the basement membrane. C. The cells of the stratum basale cells have a high rate of cell division. D. Epidermalridges form a person’s fingerprints. B. As cells divide they are pushed towards the basement membrane. (False, as cells divide they are pushed towards the external surface of the stratumcorneum) Answer the following three questions: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. A person touches a hot cup of coffee. What type of sensory organ detects thisinformation? Thermoreceptor 2. Merkel cells are embedded in what layer of the skin? Epidermis 3. In your own words, how can the skin be used to determine if a person is dehydrated? A person who is dehydrated has decreased water content in the dermal layer of their skin. A person can be tested for dehydration by pinching the skin onthebackof the hand. One indicatorof dehydration is when the skin does not recoil backtoits normal shape but instead stays “ridged”. Dehydration can be tested in a person by pinching the skin on the back of the hand. If theskindoes notrecoil back to normal and stays pinched, that is one indication of dehydration. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021Answer the following two questions: 1. What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicatedbythe arrow) Arrector pili, a smooth muscle which connects to each hair follicle. It contracts when the bodyiscold or experiences emotional responses. Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20212. What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicatedbythe arrow) Sebaceous gland (oil gland) produces oil (sebum) to protect the skin and hair fromdrying. Answer the following five questions: 1. All of the following are functions of skin except: A. Absorb UV rays B. Produce vitamin C C. Thermoregulation D. Protection for underlying tissues B. Produce vitamin C 2. The thickest region of the dermis is the: A. Reticular B. Papillary C. Basement membrane D. Subcutaneous E. None of the above are layers of the dermis A. Reticular 3. The hypodermis is comprised mainly of: A. Adipocytes Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Thisinjury, seen below, is best described as what degree of burn? Explain what layer/s of skinare damaged in this type of burn. Second-degree burn, also called a partial thickness burn The epidermis and dermis layers of the skin was damaged. (Optional: The burned area burned becomes red and painful, forming blisters) B. Reticular cells C. Dermatomes D. Sebaceous glands A. Adipocytes 4. What is a contusion? A. A third degree burn B. An infection in the epidermis C. Damage to a broken blood vessel D. Subcutaneous injection C. Damage to a broken blood vessel 5. Information from a dermatome travels to: A. The brain B. A hair follicle C. A gland D. The skin A. The brain Answer the following clinical case scenario: Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20211. Your patient was injured in a house fire. The skin sustained damage throughthe epidermis,dermis, hypodermis, and some muscle tissue. 1- What degree of burn best describes your patient’s injury? 2- Would your patient experience pain in the injured area? Why or whynot?-4th degree -No, fourth-degree burns damage the epidermis, the dermis, the hypodermis, andunderlying tissue such as muscle or bone. Because the nerve endings are destroyed there is no sensation inthe affected burn area. 1) This patient has fourth degree burn. 2) Sense the nerve endings are destroyed in the affected area, the patient will not feel paininthatarea. Answer the following four questions: 1. This part of a hair contains blood and nervous supply: A. Bulb B. Root C. Shaft D. Keratin A. Bulb 2. Hair is made up of: A. Living epidermal cells converted to collagen B. Dead epidermal cells converted to collagen C. Living epidermal cells converted to keratin D. Dead epidermal cells converted to keratin D. Dead epidermal cells converted to keratin 3. Nails are hard, dead cells which have been converted to A. Keratin B. Collagen C. Calcium Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021D. Corneum Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 2021A. Keratin 4. The nail is a portion of the nail not visible. A. cuticle B. body C. root D. lunula C. root Answer the following five questions: 1. Why would a person receive a skin graft? (1) Skin grafting decreases recovery time and prevents infectionOR (2) If skin has been damaged severely and/or covers a large surface area Skin graft may be required if the skin has been severely damaged or if a burn covers a largearea. Skingrafting is a treatment that can be used with burn victims to help in damaged skin recovery. Its when healthy skin is grafted on top of damaged skin. 2. What substance from the blood accumulates to form a clot? A. White blood cells B. Red blood cells C. Macrophages D. Platelets D. Platelets 3. Mast cells secrete what chemical? A. Collagen B. Histamine C. Platelets D. Heparin B. Histamine Portage Learning / BIOD 151 All exams answer key 20214. Macrophages A. secrete histamine. B. remove fibroblasts. C. engulf bacteria. D. replace old tissue matrix. C. engulf bacteria. 5. A scar . A. is called clotting. B. maintains full function of the original tissue. C. is an overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue. D. supports the tissue matrix until the old cells are developed. C. is an overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue.