Chemistry Comprehensive Final Exam Review questions and answers

  Chemistry - Correct Answers: Science dealing with the molecular and atomic structure of matter and of the composition of substances--their formation, decomposition, and the various transformations that they may undergo Inorganic Chemistry - Correct Answers: The study of compounds usually containing elements other than carbon Organic Chemistry - Correct Answers: The study of certain carbon compounds Biochemistry - Correct Answers: - Chemistry of living things - The study of compounds produced by living things Embalming Chemistry - Correct Answers: Chemistry of embalming Thanatochemistry - Correct Answers: Chemistry of death Unit of Measurement: Length - Correct Answers: Meter (m) Unit of Measurement: Volume - Correct Answers: Liter (l) Unit of Measurement: Mass - Correct Answers: Kilogram (kg) Mass - Correct Answers: Indicates the quantity of matter present in an object Density - Correct Answers: Mass / volume Freezing Point - Correct Answers: - 32'F - 0'C - 273 K Boiling Point - Correct Answers: - 212'F - 100'C - 373 K Celsius to Fahrenheit - Correct Answers: - 9/5C + 32 - 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit to Celsius - Correct Answers: - 5/9(F - 32) - F - 32/1.8 Energy - Correct Answers: The ability to do work Kinetic Energy - Correct Answers: Energy of motion Potential Energy - Correct Answers: Stored energy Calorie - Correct Answers: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius Solids - Correct Answers: - Define shape - Definite volume Liquids - Correct Answers: - No definite shape - Definite volume Gases - Correct Answers: - No definite shape - No definite volume Physical change - Correct Answers: One in which no new substance is produced, although there may be a change of state or density, or both Chemical Change - Correct Answers: One in which one or more new substances disappear and a new substance or new substances are formed Melting - Correct Answers: Solid --> Liquid Freezing - Correct Answers: Liquid --> Solid Boiling - Correct Answers: Liquid --> Gas (vapor) Evaporation - Correct Answers: Liquid --> Vapor Condensation - Correct Answers: Vapor --> Liquid Sublimation - Correct Answers: Solid --> Gas Physical Properties - Correct Answers: - Tells us what a substance is - Color - Taste - Solubility - Density - Hardness - Melting/boiling/freezing point Chemical Properties - Correct Answers: - Tells us what a substance does - Reacting/not reacting in air - Reacting/not reacting with an acid - Burning/not burning in a flame Elements - Correct Answers: - Building blocks of all matter - Metals and non metals - Cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Compound - Correct Answers: A substance consisting of two or more atoms combined chemically in definite proportion by mass Mixture - Correct Answers: A combination of two or more substances not chemically united and not in definite proportion by mass Homogeneous - Correct Answers: - Same composition throughout - Solution Hetergeneous - Correct Answers: - Different composition throughout - Sugar & sand Atom - Correct Answers: Smallest portion of an element that retains all of the properties of an element Proton - Correct Answers: - Charge of (+ 1) - Mass of 1 amu - Located inside the nucleus Electron - Correct Answers: - Charge of (- 1) - Mass of 1/1837 amu - Located outside of the nucleus Neutron - Correct Answers: - No charge - Mass of 1 amu - Located inside the nucleus Atomic Number - Correct Answers: Indicates the number of protons and the number of electrons for an element Number of Neutrons - Correct Answers: Mass number - atomic number Isotopes - Correct Answers: - Have the same atomic number but different mass numbers - Same number of electrons and protons - Different number of neutrons Molecules - Correct Answers: A combination of two or more atoms Ion - Correct Answers: An atom that has either lost or gained electrons in its highest energy level Ionic Bond - Correct Answers: Results from the transfer on electrons Covalent bond - Correct Answers: Results from the sharing of electrons Single Covalent Bond - Correct Answers: Sharing one pair of electrons Double Covalent Bond - Correct Answers: Sharing two pairs of electrons Triple Covalent Bond - Correct Answers: Sharing three pairs of electrons Oxidation - Correct Answers: A loss of electrons Reduction - Correct Answers: A gain of electrons Oxidizing Agent - Correct Answers: The substance reduced Reducing Agent - Correct Answers: The substance oxidized Solution - Correct Answers: - Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed in each other - Pass through a membrane and a filter - Particle size is less than 1 nm (nanometer) Solute - Correct Answers: Material dissolved Solvent - Correct Answers: Liquid material in which the solute has dissolved Colloid - Correct Answers: - Solution-like system in which the particles pass through filter but not membrane - Particle size between 1nm and 100nm Gel - Correct Answers: - Strong attraction between the colloidal particles and suspending liquid (water) - Hydrophilic Sol - Correct Answers: - Little attraction between the colloidal particles and suspending liquid (water) - Hydrophobic Hydrosol - Correct Answers: A colloidal dispersion in water Aerosol - Correct Answers: A colloidal dispersion in air Suspension - Correct Answers: - A mixture of a solute and a solvent in which the solute particles will not pass through a membrane or filters - Particle size is greater than 100nm Emulsion - Correct Answers: A mixture of two insoluble liquids Ionization - Correct Answers: The dissociation of a substance in solution into ions Acid - Correct Answers: Compounds that yield or donate hydrogen ions in a water solution Bases - Correct Answers: Compounds that yield hydrogen ions in a water solution Salts - Correct Answers: - Formed by the reaction of an acid and a base - Neutralize reaction pH - Correct Answers: Negative logarithm (log) of the hydrogen ion concentration Acidic - Correct Answers: pH of 0 - 6.9 Neutral - Correct Answers: pH of 7 Basic/Alkaline - Correct Answers: pH of 7.1 - 14 Buffer - Correct Answers: - Substances that in a solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant pH of the solution - Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) - Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Alcohol - Correct Answers: An organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) Aldehyde - Correct Answers: - An organic compound containing one or more -CHO groups (carbonyl group) - Examples: - Methanal (formaldehyde) - Ethanal (acetaldehyde) - Benzaldehyde Aldose - Correct Answers: A sugar in which the functional groups are hydroxyl groups (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO) Alkane - Correct Answers: - A saturated hydrocarbon - A hydrocarbon that has no carbon-carbon single bonds - CnH(2n+2) - Examples: - Methane - Ethane - Propane Alkene - Correct Answers: - An unsaturated hydrocarbon - A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond - CnH(2n) - Example: - Ethene Alkyne - Correct Answers: - An unsaturated hydrocarbon - A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond - CnH(2n-2) - Example: - Ethyne Alkyl Group - Correct Answers: - A monovalent radical of the general formula CnH(2n+1) formed when an alkane loses one hydrogen atom - Examples: - Methyl - Ethyl Alkyl Halide - Correct Answers: - An aliphatic hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached - Formula: RX - Examples: - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - Chloroform (CHCl3) Aliphatic - Correct Answers: Pertaining to any member of one of the two major groups of organic compounds, those having straight or branched chain structures Allotropism - Correct Answers: - The existence of an element in two or more distinct forms - O, O2, O3 Amide - Correct Answers: - Any compound derived from ammonia by substitution of a carbonyl group (C=O) for hydrogen, or from an organic acid by replacing the -OH group of the carboxyl group with an amino group (-NH2) - Formed by the neutralization of an organic acid with ammonia - Formula: R-CONH-R - Examples: - Diethyl foramide - Urea Amine - Correct Answers: - An organic compound containing nitrogen - Any compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic radicals - Formula: RNH2 - Example: - Methyl amine Aromatic - Correct Answers: - Any compound containing a resonance-stabilized ring such as benzene or toluene - Example: - Phenol (carbolic acid) Carbohydrate - Correct Answers: - A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydroxy alochol - Polyhydroxyaldehyde - Polyhydroxyketone - Example: - Methanoic acid (formic acid) - Ethanoic acid (vinegar) Carboxylic Acid - Correct Answers: - Organic acid - An organic compound containing the carboxyl group - Formula: RCOOH Dialdehyde - Correct Answers: - An organic compound containing two aldehyde (-CHO) radicals - Examples: - Glyoxal - Gluteraldehyde Dihydroxy Alcohol - Correct Answers: - An alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups - Example: - Ethylene gycol Disaccharide - Correct Answers: - A carbohydrate formed by the linking of two monosaccharide units - Examples: - Sucrose - Lactose - Maltose Ester - Correct Answers: - Any organic compound with the general formula ROR', where R and R' are hydrocarbon groups formed by dehydration between two alcohols - Examples: - Ethyl acetate - Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) Formalin - Correct Answers: Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% volume Functional Group - Correct Answers: A specific atom or group of atoms that is attached to a carbon atom in an organic compound and that imparts an identifiable chemical behavior to the compound General Formula - Correct Answers: A formula that denotes a class of compounds and includes the functional group and a symbol R denoting a radical Glucose - Correct Answers: A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with the molecule formula C6H12O6 Glycogen - Correct Answers: An animal starch made by forming chains of alpha glucose molecules Hexose - Correct Answers: A six carbon sugar Hydrocarbon - Correct Answers: An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen Hydrolysis - Correct Answers: A chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down by water Isomerism - Correct Answers: The possession by two or more distinct compounds of the same molecular formula, each molecule having the same number of atoms of each element, but in a different arrangement Ketone - Correct Answers: - A sugar whose functional groups are hydroxyl (-OH) groups and a ketone (C=O) group - Example: - Propanone (acetone) Line Formula - Correct Answers: A condensed version of the structural formula, written all on one line and demonstrating the relationship of the substituent groups in the molecule Molecular Formula - Correct Answers: A chemical formula expressing the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of a substance, without indicating how they are linked Monohydroxy Alcohol - Correct Answers: An alcohol with only one hyndroxyl group Monosaccharide - Correct Answers: - Simplest form of a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule - Cannot be hydrolyzed to a smaller carbohydrate molecule - Examples: - Glucose - Fructose - Galactose Pentose - Correct Answers: A five carbon sugar molecule Polyhydroxy Alcohol - Correct Answers: - Those alcohols having generally more than three hydroxyl groups - Example: - Sorbitol Polymer - Correct Answers: A large molecule made by linking together a number of monomers, or basic chemical units Polysaccharide - Correct Answers: - A polymer made by linking together a number of simple sugar molecules - Examples: - Starch - Glycogen - Cellulose Primary Alcohol - Correct Answers: - An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon - Examples: - Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol) - Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) Quanternary Ammonium Compounds - Correct Answers: - Surface-active agents that are usually used for disinfection of skin, oral, and nasal cavities and instruments - Example: - Benzyl alkonium chloride (zephiran chloride) Saturated Hydrocarbon - Correct Answers: A hydrocarbon which contains only single bonds Secondary Alcohol - Correct Answers: - An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to two other carbons - Example: - Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) Structural Formula - Correct Answers: A chemical formula showing the spatial arrangement of the atoms and the linkage of every atom Tertiary Alcohol - Correct Answers: An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons Thioalcohol - Correct Answers: - AKA "Mercaptan" - A chemical compound similar to alcohol in which the oxygen of the hydroxyl group is replaced by a sulfhydral group (-SH) - Formula: RSH Trihydroxy Alcohol - Correct Answers: - An alcohol having three hydroxyl groups - Example: - Glycerol Type Formula - Correct Answers: Expression of the fixed ratio between carbon and hydrocarbon in hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon - Correct Answers: An organic compound that has one or more double or triple bonds between two carbon atoms Organic Reaction: Aldehydes - Correct Answers: Formed by the oxidation of a primary alcohol Organic Reaction: Ketones - Correct Answers: Formed by the oxidation of a secondary alcohol Organic Reaction: Carboxylic Acids - Correct Answers: (Organic acids) formed by the oxidation of an aldehyde Organic Reaction: Esters - Correct Answers: Produced by the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol Organic Reaction: Ethers - Correct Answers: Formed during the dehydration of an alcohol, where sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the dehydrating agent Organic Reaction: Amines - Correct Answers: Derived from ammonia Organic Reaction: QUATS - Correct Answers: Formed by the action of tertiary amines with organic halides Organic Reaction: Amides - Correct Answers: - Formed by the reaction of an organic acid with ammonia or with amines - Have a bond between a carbonyl group and a nitrogen Organic Reaction: Glucose - Correct Answers: Ferments in the presence of yeast, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Organic Reaction: Hydrolysis - Correct Answers: - Of disaccgarides yields monosaccharides - Of polysaccharides yields dissacharides - Durther yields monosaccharides Organic Reaction: Oxidation - Correct Answers: Of monosccharides forms carbon dioxide and water